10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)


☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024


☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 001-34680

Primerica, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Delaware		27-1204330
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
1 Primerica Parkway Duluth, Georgia		30099
(Address of principal executive offices)		(ZIP Code)

(770) 381-1000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Not applicable.

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock	PRI	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No

As of April 30, 2024, the registrant had 34,411,172 shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, outstanding.

TABLE OF CONTENTS



		Page
PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION		2
Item 1. Financial Statements (unaudited).		2
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023		2
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023		3
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023		4
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023		5
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023		6
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements		7
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.		26
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.		45
Item 4. Controls and Procedures.		45
PART II – OTHER INFORMATION		45
Item 1. Legal Proceedings.		45
Item 1A. Risk Factors.		45
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.		46
Item 5. Other Information		47
Item 6. Exhibits.		47
Signatures		48

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.

PRIMERICA, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets


	(Unaudited)
	March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023
	(In thousands, except per-share amounts)
Assets:
Investments:
Fixed-maturity securities available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost: $3,012,735 in 2024 and $2,935,212 in 2023)	$	2,782,140		$	2,719,467
Fixed-maturity security held-to-maturity, at amortized cost (fair value: $1,299,228 in 2024 and $1,334,892 in 2023)		1,376,400			1,386,980
Short-term investments available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost: $271 in 2024 and $276 in 2023)		271			276
Equity securities, at fair value (historical cost: $22,775 in 2024 and $27,106 in 2023)		26,647			29,680
Trading securities, at fair value (cost: $3,800 in 2024 and $18,761 in 2023)		3,253			18,383
Policy loans and other invested assets		50,835			51,175
Total investments		4,239,546			4,205,961
Cash and cash equivalents		593,399			613,148
Accrued investment income		24,991			23,958
Reinsurance recoverables		2,920,417			3,015,777
Deferred policy acquisition costs, net		3,503,940			3,447,234
Renewal commissions receivable		176,298			190,258
Agent balances, due premiums and other receivables		287,459			273,066
Goodwill		127,707			127,707
Intangible assets, net (accumulated amortization: $28,875 in 2024 and $26,250 in 2023)		172,400			175,025
Income taxes		120,126			123,514
Operating lease right-of-use assets		52,135			53,693
Other assets		356,025			382,549
Separate account assets		2,334,911			2,395,842
Total assets	$	14,909,354		$	15,027,732

Liabilities and stockholders’ equity:
Liabilities:
Future policy benefits	$	6,548,050		$	6,742,025
Unearned and advance premiums		15,855			14,876
Policy claims and other benefits payable		517,468			513,803
Other policyholders’ funds		421,027			435,094
Note payable		593,909			593,709
Surplus note		1,376,028			1,386,592
Income taxes		197,714			135,247
Operating lease liabilities		60,494			61,358
Other liabilities		581,342			583,434
Payable under securities lending		76,648			99,785
Separate account liabilities		2,334,911			2,395,842
Commitments and contingent liabilities (see Commitments and Contingent Liabilities note)
Total liabilities		12,723,446			12,961,765
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock ($0.01 par value; authorized 500,000 shares in 2024 and 2023; issued and outstanding 34,609 shares in 2024 and 34,996 shares in 2023)		346			350
Paid-in capital		-			-
Retained earnings		2,285,937			2,276,946
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of income tax:
Effect of change in discount rate assumptions on the liability for future policy benefits		92,853			(39,086	)
Unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses)		(11,691	)		(2,235	)
Net unrealized investment gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities		(181,537	)		(170,008	)
Total stockholders’ equity		2,185,908			2,065,967
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	14,909,354		$	15,027,732

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

PRIMERICA, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income – Unaudited


	Three months ended March 31,
	2024			2023
	(In thousands, except per-share amounts)
Revenues:
Direct premiums	$	841,047		$	817,872
Ceded premiums		(409,764	)		(405,347	)
Net premiums		431,283			412,525
Commissions and fees		255,021			231,547
Investment income net of investment expenses		53,591			47,500
Interest expense on surplus note		(15,785	)		(16,435	)
Net investment income		37,806			31,065
Realized investment gains (losses)		7			(985	)
Other investment gains (losses)		1,298			(3,623	)
Investment gains (losses)		1,305			(4,608	)
Other, net		17,415			19,507
Total revenues		742,830			690,036

Benefits and expenses:
Benefits and claims		166,321			163,265
Future policy benefits remeasurement (gain) loss		55			559
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs		72,049			67,923
Sales commissions		131,138			110,874
Insurance expenses		63,149			61,125
Insurance commissions		9,634			8,138
Contract acquisition costs		13,533			14,984
Interest expense		6,771			6,690
Other operating expenses		100,944			89,536
Total benefits and expenses		563,594			523,094
Income before income taxes		179,236			166,942
Income taxes		41,332			38,843
Net income	$	137,904		$	128,099

Earnings per share:
Basic earnings per share	$	3.94		$	3.47
Diluted earnings per share	$	3.93		$	3.46

Weighted-average shares used in computing earnings per share:
Basic		34,883			36,710
Diluted		34,937			36,804

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

PRIMERICA, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) – Unaudited


	Three months ended March 31,
	2024			2023
	(In thousands)
Net income	$	137,904		$	128,099
Other comprehensive income (loss) before income taxes:
Unrealized investment gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities:
Change in unrealized holding gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities		(14,843	)		38,549
Reclassification adjustment for investment (gains) losses included in net income		(7	)		3,137
Effect of change in discount rate assumptions on the liability for future policy benefits		168,086			(181,281	)
Foreign currency translation adjustments:
Change in unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses)		(9,456	)		1,020
Total other comprehensive income (loss) before income taxes		143,780			(138,575	)
Income tax expense (benefit) related to items of other comprehensive income (loss)		32,826			(29,924	)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income taxes		110,954			(108,651	)
Total comprehensive income (loss)	$	248,858		$	19,448

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

PRIMERICA, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity – Unaudited


	Three months ended March 31,
	2024			2023
	(In thousands, except per-share amounts)
Equity
Common stock:
Balance, beginning of period	$	350		$	368
Repurchases of common stock		(5	)		(6	)
Net issuance of common stock		1			2
Balance, end of period		346			364

Paid-in capital:
Balance, beginning of period		-			-
Share-based compensation		14,813			16,622
Net issuance of common stock		(1	)		(2	)
Repurchases of common stock		(14,812	)		(16,620	)
Balance, end of period		-			-

Retained earnings:
Balance, beginning of period		2,276,946			2,153,617
Net income		137,904			128,099
Dividends		(26,256	)		(23,910	)
Repurchases of common stock		(102,657	)		(80,378	)
Balance, end of period		2,285,937			2,177,428

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of income tax:
Balance, beginning of period		(211,329	)		(122,731	)
Effect of change in discount rate assumptions on the liability for future policy benefits		131,939			(142,382	)
Change in foreign currency translation adjustment		(9,456	)		1,020
Change in net unrealized investment gains (losses) during the period		(11,529	)		32,711
Balance, end of period		(100,375	)		(231,382	)

Total stockholders’ equity	$	2,185,908		$	1,946,410


Dividends declared per share	$	0.75		$	0.65

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

PRIMERICA, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows – Unaudited


	Three months ended March 31,
	2024			2023
	(In thousands)
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	137,904		$	128,099
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Change in future policy benefits and other policy liabilities		19,794			(9,799	)
Deferral of policy acquisition costs		(134,768	)		(126,640	)
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs		72,049			67,923
Change in income taxes		30,335			19,524
Investment (gains) losses		(1,305	)		4,608
Accretion and amortization of investments		(1,040	)		(309	)
Depreciation and amortization		7,165			8,547
Change in reinsurance recoverables		47,987			43,397
Change in agent balances, due premiums and other receivables		(13,444	)		(5,486	)
Change in renewal commissions receivable		13,961			5,634
Trading securities sold, matured, or called (acquired), net		15,084			(14,808	)
Share-based compensation		12,614			12,129
Change in other operating assets and liabilities, net		4,562			43,127
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities		210,898			175,946

Cash flows from investing activities:
Available-for-sale investments sold, matured or called:
Fixed-maturity securities — sold		-			5,179
Fixed-maturity securities — matured or called		86,418			80,251
Equity securities — sold		-			5
Equity securities — matured or called		4,324			-
Available-for-sale investments acquired:
Fixed-maturity securities		(168,644	)		(108,713	)
Equity securities — acquired		-			(47	)
Purchases of property and equipment and other investing activities, net		(8,386	)		(7,861	)
Cash collateral received (returned) on loaned securities, net		(23,136	)		(26,486	)
Sales (purchases) of short-term investments using securities lending collateral, net		23,136			26,486
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		(86,288	)		(31,186	)

Cash flows from financing activities:
Dividends paid		(26,256	)		(23,910	)
Common stock repurchased		(109,109	)		(85,275	)
Tax withholdings on share-based compensation		(7,460	)		(9,739	)
Finance leases		(65	)		(68	)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		(142,890	)		(118,992	)
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash		(1,469	)		82
Change in cash and cash equivalents		(19,749	)		25,850
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period		613,148			489,240
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	593,399		$	515,090

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

PRIMERICA, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements — Unaudited

(1) Description of Business, Basis of Presentation, and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Description of Business. Primerica, Inc. (the “Parent Company”), together with its subsidiaries (collectively, “we”, “us” or the “Company”), is a leading provider of financial products and services to middle-income households in the United States and Canada through a network of independent contractor sales representatives (“independent sales representatives” or “independent sales force”). We assist our clients in meeting their needs for term life insurance, which we underwrite, and mutual funds, annuities, managed investments and other financial products, which we distribute primarily on behalf of third parties. Our primary subsidiaries include the following entities: Primerica Financial Services, LLC, a general agency and marketing company; Primerica Life Insurance Company (“Primerica Life”), our principal life insurance company; Primerica Financial Services (Canada) Ltd., a holding company for our Canadian operations, which includes Primerica Life Insurance Company of Canada (“Primerica Life Canada”) and PFSL Investments Canada Ltd.; PFS Investments Inc., an investment products company and broker-dealer; and Primerica Health, Inc, a holding company for our senior health operations, which includes e-TeleQuote Insurance, Inc. and subsidiaries (collectively, “e-TeleQuote”), which markets Medicare-related insurance products underwritten by third-party health insurance carriers to eligible Medicare beneficiaries through its licensed health insurance agents. Primerica Life, domiciled in Tennessee, owns National Benefit Life Insurance Company, a New York insurance company. Vidalia Re, Inc. (“Vidalia Re”) is a special purpose financial captive insurance company and wholly owned subsidiary of Primerica Life. Vidalia Re has entered into a separate coinsurance agreement with Primerica Life whereby Primerica Life has ceded certain level-premium term life insurance policies to Vidalia Re (the “Vidalia Re Coinsurance Agreement”).

Basis of Presentation. We prepare our financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). These principles are established primarily by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”).

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments, generally consisting of normal recurring accruals, which are necessary to fairly present the balance sheets as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the statements of income, comprehensive income, and stockholders’ equity for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, and cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. Results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results for the entire year or of the results to be expected in future periods.

These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Certain information and note disclosures normally included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to those rules and regulations, although the Company believes that the disclosures made are sufficient to make the information not misleading. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto that are included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 (“2023 Annual Report”).

Use of Estimates. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect financial statement balances, revenues and expenses and cash flows, as well as the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Management considers available facts and knowledge of existing circumstances when establishing the estimates included in our financial statements. The most significant items that involve a greater degree of accounting estimates and actuarial determinations subject to change in the future are the valuation of investments, deferred policy acquisition costs (“DAC”), liability for future policy benefits (“LFPB”) and corresponding amounts recoverable from reinsurers, renewal commissions receivable, income taxes, and valuation of intangible assets and goodwill. Estimates for these and other items are subject to change and are reassessed by management in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Consolidation. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and those entities required to be consolidated under U.S. GAAP. All material intercompany profits, transactions, and balances among the consolidated entities have been eliminated.

Changes to Accounting Policies. All significant accounting policies remain unchanged from the 2023 Annual Report unless otherwise described.

Reclassifications. Certain reclassifications have been made to prior period amounts to conform to current period reporting classifications. These reclassifications had no impact on net income or total stockholders’ equity.

Correction of Immaterial Errors on Previously Issued Financial Statements. As previously disclosed in the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2023, the Company identified immaterial errors in amounts presented in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 (“Previously-reported Financial Statements”) related to the measurement of reinsurance recoverables and DAC in conjunction with the adoption of Accounting Standard Update No. 2018-12, Financial Services—Insurance (Topic 944)—Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts (“LDTI”). The resulting impact to our unaudited condensed

consolidated statement of income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was an overstatement of benefits and claims, an understatement of future policy benefits remeasurement loss and an understatement of DAC amortization along with the related income tax impact that netted to cause an understatement of net income.

In accordance with FASB ASC 250, Accounting Changes and Error Corrections, the Company evaluated the materiality of these errors quantitatively and qualitatively and concluded that these prior period errors were immaterial to the Previously-reported Financial Statements. As such, the Company revised the prior period financial information included in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the quarter ended March 31, 2023, initially presented in the Previously-reported Financial Statements, to correct these errors. The revisions resulted in an increase to net income of $3.0 million, or 2.4%, and increases to each of basic and diluted earnings per share of $0.08, or 2.4% in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statement of income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared with the Previously-reported Financial Statements. Prior period information included in the notes herein to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have also been revised as needed.

These errors were specifically related to the Company’s accounting estimates under LDTI and no financial statements prior to the adoption of LDTI were affected. Management detected and corrected these errors during the second quarter of 2023 as previously disclosed, and the errors do not affect financial information subsequent to the date of the Previously-reported Financial Statements.

New Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted.


Accounting standard	Adoption date	Description	Effects on the financial statements
Segment Reporting (Topic 280)— Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures ASU 2023-07	Annual periods beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods thereafter. Early adoption is permitted. Retrospective transition for all periods presented.	In November 2023, the FASB issued the ASU to enhance segment disclosures. The amendments (1) require disclosure of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss; (2) require disclosure of “other segment items” by reportable segment, which is the difference between segment revenue and significant segment expenses; (3) require annual segment disclosures to be included in interim financial statements; (4) clarify that if the CODM uses more than one measure of a segment’s profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources, an entity may report one or more of those additional measures; and (5) require disclosure of the title and position of the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measure(s) of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources.	We do not believe the adoption of the standard will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. We will revise disclosures in accordance with the new standard in our annual 2024 financial statements and for interim periods thereafter.
Income Taxes (Topic 740)—Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures ASU 2023-09	Annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. Prospective transition, although retrospective transition is permitted.	In December 2023, the FASB issued the ASU to increase income tax transparency through improvements primarily related to the existing rate reconciliation and income taxes paid disclosures. The amendments require (1) consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation; and (2) income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. The ASU also removes certain disclosure requirements, such as reasonably possible significant changes in the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits within 12 months of the reporting date.	We do not believe the adoption of the standard will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. We will revise disclosures in accordance with the new standard in our annual 2025 financial statements.

In addition, in March 2024, the SEC issued final rules that include updates to Regulation S-X for climate-related disclosures (the “Climate-Related Disclosures rule”). The Climate-Related Disclosures rule is currently stayed pending the completion of judicial review. The Climate-Related Disclosures rule requires a registrant to disclose in the notes to the financial statements (1) expenditures and losses, and capitalized costs and charges in each case excluding recoveries, incurred or recognized during a fiscal year as a result of severe weather events and other natural conditions; and (2) where material to a company's plan to achieve disclosed climate-related targets or goals, information regarding carbon offsets and renewable energy credits. The adoption of the Climate-Related Disclosures rule will impact our disclosures and may require changes to certain of our processes, systems, and controls. We are currently evaluating existing processes and data to determine what changes may be necessary. If the stay is lifted, the updates to Regulation S-X included in the Climate-Related Disclosures rule would be effective for the Company’s Form 10-K for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2025.

Recently issued accounting guidance not discussed above is not applicable, is immaterial to our consolidated financial statements, or did not or is not expected to have a material impact on our business.

(2) Segment and Geographical Information

Segments. We have three primary operating segments – Term Life Insurance, Investment and Savings Products, and Senior Health. We also have a Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment.

Notable information included in profit or loss by segment was as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
	2024			2023
	(In thousands)
Revenues:
Term life insurance segment	$	440,412		$	421,069
Investment and savings products segment		243,716			210,202
Senior health segment		6,880			18,710
Corporate and other distributed products segment		51,822			40,055
Total revenues	$	742,830		$	690,036

Net investment income:
Term life insurance segment	$	-		$	-
Investment and savings products segment		-			-
Senior health segment		-			-
Corporate and other distributed products segment		37,806			31,065
Total net investment income	$	37,806		$	31,065

Amortization of DAC:
Term life insurance segment	$	70,491		$	66,068
Investment and savings products segment		1,201			1,493
Senior health segment		-			-
Corporate and other distributed products segment		357			362
Total amortization of DAC	$	72,049		$	67,923

Non-cash share-based compensation expense:
Term life insurance segment	$	2,142		$	1,850
Investment and savings products segment		1,039			993
Senior health segment		99			160
Corporate and other distributed products segment		9,334			9,071
Total non-cash share-based compensation expense	$	12,614		$	12,074

Income (loss) before income taxes:
Term life insurance segment	$	138,367		$	130,541
Investment and savings products segment		65,562			56,106
Senior health segment		(14,153	)		(3,762	)
Corporate and other distributed products segment		(10,540	)		(15,943	)
Total income (loss) before income taxes	$	179,236		$	166,942

Total assets by segment were as follows:


	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
	(In thousands)
Assets:
Term life insurance segment	$	6,514,070	$	6,543,923
Investment and savings products segment (1)		2,484,768		2,537,079
Senior health segment		404,888		419,110
Corporate and other distributed products segment		5,505,628		5,527,620
Total assets	$	14,909,354	$	15,027,732

(1)

The Investment and Savings Products segment includes assets held in separate accounts. Excluding separate accounts, the Investment and Savings Products segment assets were $149.9 million and $141.3 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Geographical Information. Results of operations by country and long-lived assets – primarily tangible assets reported in other assets in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets – were as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
	2024		2023
	(In thousands)
Revenues by country:
United States	$	647,342	$	603,850
Canada		95,488		86,186
Total revenues	$	742,830	$	690,036


	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
	(In thousands)
Long-lived assets by country:
United States	$	38,575	$	35,434
Canada		2,490		2,636
Other		188		197
Total long-lived assets	$	41,253	$	38,267

(3) Investments

Available-for-sale Securities. The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and fair value of available-for-sale (“AFS”) securities were as follows:


	March 31, 2024
	Amortized cost		Gross unrealized gains		Gross unrealized losses			Fair value
	(In thousands)
Securities available-for-sale, carried at fair value:
Fixed-maturity securities:
U.S. government and agencies	$	10,378	$	11	$	(514	)	$	9,875
Foreign government		168,671		656		(10,507	)		158,820
States and political subdivisions		144,543		575		(14,894	)		130,224
Corporates		1,778,147		10,844		(126,858	)		1,662,133
Residential mortgage-backed securities		513,935		1,089		(68,039	)		446,985
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		123,895		120		(12,911	)		111,104
Other asset-backed securities		273,166		1,039		(11,206	)		262,999
Total fixed-maturity securities		3,012,735		14,334		(244,929	)		2,782,140
Short-term investments		271		-		-			271
Total fixed-maturity and short-term investments	$	3,013,006	$	14,334	$	(244,929	)	$	2,782,411


	December 31, 2023
	Amortized cost		Gross unrealized gains		Gross unrealized losses			Fair value
	(In thousands)
Securities available-for-sale, carried at fair value:
Fixed-maturity securities:
U.S. government and agencies	$	9,974	$	18	$	(476	)	$	9,516
Foreign government		170,354		1,616		(8,588	)		163,382
States and political subdivisions		145,779		891		(14,681	)		131,989
Corporates		1,723,023		14,787		(120,286	)		1,617,524
Residential mortgage-backed securities		499,771		1,688		(63,928	)		437,531
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		127,454		156		(15,443	)		112,167
Other asset-backed securities		258,857		763		(12,262	)		247,358
Total fixed-maturity securities		2,935,212		19,919		(235,664	)		2,719,467
Short-term investments		276		-		-			276
Total fixed-maturity and short-term investments	$	2,935,488	$	19,919	$	(235,664	)	$	2,719,743

All of our AFS mortgage- and asset-backed securities represent beneficial interests in variable interest entities (“VIEs”). We are not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs because we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entities’ economic performance. The maximum exposure to loss as a result of our involvement in these VIEs equals the carrying value of the securities.

The scheduled maturity distribution of the AFS fixed-maturity securities portfolio as of March 31, 2024 was as follows:


	Amortized cost		Fair value
	(In thousands)
Due in one year or less	$	220,907	$	218,962
Due after one year through five years		731,699		702,785
Due after five years through 10 years		794,837		718,088
Due after 10 years		354,296		321,217
		2,101,739		1,961,052
Mortgage- and asset-backed securities		910,996		821,088
Total AFS fixed-maturity securities	$	3,012,735	$	2,782,140

Expected maturities may differ from scheduled contractual maturities because issuers of securities may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

Trading Securities. The costs and fair values of the fixed-maturity securities classified as trading securities were as follows:


	March 31, 2024				December 31, 2023
	Cost		Fair value		Cost		Fair value
	(In thousands)
Fixed-maturity securities	$	3,800	$	3,253	$	18,761	$	18,383

Held-to-maturity Security. Concurrent with the execution of the Vidalia Re Coinsurance Agreement, Vidalia Re entered into a Surplus Note Purchase Agreement (the “Surplus Note Purchase Agreement”) with Hannover Life Reassurance Company of America and certain of its affiliates (collectively, “Hannover Re”) and a newly formed limited liability company (the “LLC”) owned by a third- party service provider. Under the Surplus Note Purchase Agreement, Vidalia Re issued a surplus note (the “Surplus Note”) to the LLC in exchange for a credit enhanced note from the LLC with an equal principal amount (the “LLC Note”). The principal amount of both the LLC Note and the Surplus Note will fluctuate over time to coincide with the amount of reserves contractually supported under the Vidalia Re Coinsurance Agreement. Both the LLC Note and the Surplus Note mature on December 31, 2030 and bear interest at an annual interest rate of 4.50%. The LLC Note is guaranteed by Hannover Re through a credit enhancement feature in exchange for a fee, which is reflected in interest expense on our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income.

The LLC is a VIE as its owner does not have an equity investment at risk that is sufficient to permit the LLC to finance its activities without Vidalia Re or Hannover Re. The Parent Company, Primerica Life, and Vidalia Re share the power to direct the activities of the LLC with Hannover Re, but they do not have the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive any residual returns related to the LLC’s primary risks or sources of variability. Through the credit enhancement feature, Hannover Re is the ultimate risk taker in this transaction and bears the obligation to absorb the LLC’s losses in the event of a Surplus Note default in exchange for the fee. Accordingly, the Company is not the primary beneficiary of the LLC and does not consolidate the LLC within its unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. See Note 5 (Reinsurance) for Hannover Re’s financial strength rating.

The LLC Note is classified as a held-to-maturity debt security in the Company’s invested asset portfolio as we have the positive intent and ability to hold the security until maturity. As of March 31, 2024, the LLC Note had an estimated unrealized holding loss of $77.2

million based on its amortized cost and estimated fair value. The estimated fair value of the LLC Note is expected to be at least equal to the estimated fair value of the offsetting Surplus Note. See Note 15 (Debt) for more information on the Surplus Note.

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, no credit losses have been recognized on the LLC Note.

Investments on Deposit with Governmental Authorities. As required by law, we have investments on deposit with governmental authorities and banks for the protection of policyholders. The fair value of investments on deposit was $7.7 million and $7.3 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Securities Lending Transactions. We participate in securities lending transactions with broker-dealers and other financial institutions to increase investment income with minimal risk. We require minimum collateral on securities loaned equal to 102% of the fair value of the loaned securities. We accept collateral in the form of securities, which we are not able to sell or encumber, and to the extent the collateral declines in value below 100%, we require additional collateral from the borrower. Any securities collateral received is not reflected on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. We also accept collateral in the form of cash, all of which we reinvest. For loans involving unrestricted cash collateral, the collateral is reported as an asset with a corresponding liability representing our obligation to return the collateral. We continue to carry the loaned securities as invested assets on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets during the terms of the loans, and we do not report them as sales. Cash collateral received and reinvested was $76.6 million and $99.8 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Net Investment Income. The components of net investment income were as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
	2024			2023
	(In thousands)
Fixed-maturity securities (available-for-sale)	$	29,936		$	25,806
Fixed-maturity security (held-to-maturity)		15,785			16,435
Equity securities		390			380
Policy loans and other invested assets		461			(71	)
Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments		6,982			5,128
Total return on deposit asset underlying 10% coinsurance agreement(1)		2,174			2,049
Gross investment income		55,728			49,727
Investment expenses		(2,137	)		(2,227	)
Investment income net of investment expenses		53,591			47,500
Interest expense on surplus note		(15,785	)		(16,435	)
Net investment income	$	37,806		$	31,065

(1)

Includes $(0.1) million and $(0.3) million of net gains (losses) recognized for the change in fair value of the deposit asset underlying the 10% coinsurance agreement for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The components of investment gains (losses), as well as details on gross realized investment gains (losses) and other investment gains (losses) were as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
	2024			2023
	(In thousands)
Realized investment gains (losses):
Gross gains from sales of available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities	$	7		$	49
Gross losses from sales of available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities		-			(1,034	)
Net realized investment gains (losses):		7			(985	)
Other investment gains (losses):
Credit losses impairment of available-for-sale securities		-			(2,160	)
Market gains (losses) recognized in net income during the period on equity securities		1,296			(1,475	)
Gains (losses) from equity method investments		-			-
Gains (losses) from bifurcated options		(5	)		8
Gains (losses) on trading securities		7			4
Other investment gains (losses):		1,298			(3,623	)
Investment gains (losses)	$	1,305		$	(4,608	)

The proceeds from sales or other redemptions of AFS securities were as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
	2024		2023
	(In thousands)
Proceeds from sales or other redemptions	$	86,418	$	85,430

Accrued Interest. Accrued interest is recorded in accordance with the contractual interest schedule of the underlying security. In the event of default, the Company’s policy is to no longer accrue interest on these securities and to write off any remaining accrued interest. As a result, the Company has made the policy election to not record an allowance for credit losses on accrued interest.

Credit Losses for AFS Fixed-maturity Securities. The following tables summarize all AFS securities in an unrealized loss position for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded as of March 31, 2024, aggregated by major security type and by length of time such securities have continuously been in an unrealized loss position:


	March 31, 2024
	Less than 12 months					12 months or longer
	Fair value		Unrealized losses			Fair value		Unrealized losses
	(In thousands)
Fixed-maturity securities:
U.S. government and agencies	$	1,880	$	(24	)	$	7,674	$	(490	)
Foreign government		37,766		(644	)		101,380		(9,863	)
States and political subdivisions		7,956		(98	)		106,771		(14,796	)
Corporates		133,934		(1,582	)		1,196,896		(125,276	)
Residential mortgage-backed securities		32,912		(446	)		350,716		(67,593	)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		2,010		(8	)		98,186		(12,903	)
Other asset-backed securities		45,700		(208	)		130,782		(10,998	)
Total fixed-maturity securities	$	262,158	$	(3,010	)	$	1,992,405	$	(241,919	)


	December 31, 2023
	Less than 12 months					12 months or longer
	Fair value		Unrealized losses			Fair value		Unrealized losses
	(In thousands)
Fixed-maturity securities:
U.S. government and agencies	$	-	$	-		$	9,188	$	(476	)
Foreign government		17,209		(62	)		104,827		(8,526	)
States and political subdivisions		4,883		(46	)		107,021		(14,635	)
Corporates		39,783		(907	)		1,231,694		(119,379	)
Residential mortgage-backed securities		14,872		(142	)		360,987		(63,786	)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		4,721		(107	)		97,417		(15,336	)
Other asset-backed securities		41,417		(159	)		136,841		(12,103	)
Total fixed-maturity securities	$	122,885	$	(1,423	)	$	2,047,975	$	(234,241	)

The amortized cost of AFS securities with a cost basis in excess of their fair values were $2,499.5 million and $2,406.5 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

As of March 31, 2024, no allowance for credit losses was recorded for AFS securities. Substantially all of the unrealized losses were the result of change in market interest rates compared to the date the securities were acquired rather than the credit quality of the securities, and we have no present intention to dispose of them.

We did not recognize any credit losses on AFS securities for the three months ended March 31, 2024. We recognized $2.2 million for credit losses on AFS securities for the three months ended March 31, 2023 in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income. We recognize credit losses on securities due to: (i) our intent to sell them; (ii) adverse credit events indicating that we will not receive the security’s contractual cash flows when contractually due, such as news of an impending filing for bankruptcy; (iii) analyses of the issuer’s most recent financial statements or other information indicating that significant liquidity deficiencies, significant losses and large declines in capitalization exist; and (iv) analyses of rating agency information for issuances with severe ratings downgrades indicating a significant increase in the possibility of default.

Derivatives. We have a deferred loss related to closed forward contracts, which were settled several years ago, that were used to mitigate our exposure to foreign currency exchange rates that resulted from the net investment in our Canadian operations. The amount of deferred loss included in accumulated other comprehensive income was $26.4 million as of each of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. These deferred losses will not be recognized until such time as we sell or substantially liquidate our Canadian operations, although we have no such intention.

(4) Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair value is the price that would be received upon the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Invested assets recorded at fair value are measured and classified in accordance with a three-tier fair value hierarchy based on observable and unobservable inputs. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect our view of market assumptions in the absence of observable market information. We classify and disclose all invested assets carried at fair value in one of the following three levels:

•

Level 1. Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets. Level 1 consists of financial instruments whose value is based on quoted market prices in active markets, such as cash, cash equivalents in money market funds, exchange-traded common stocks and actively traded mutual fund investments;

•

Level 2. Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs are observable in active markets. Level 2 includes those financial instruments that are valued using industry-standard pricing methodologies, models or other valuation methodologies. Various inputs are considered in deriving the fair value of the underlying financial instrument, including interest rate and yield curves, credit spread, and foreign exchange rates. All significant inputs are observable, or derived from observable information in the marketplace or are supported by observable levels at which transactions are executed in the marketplace. Financial instruments in this category could include: cash equivalents and short-term investments in U.S. treasury securities; certain public and private corporate fixed-maturity and equity securities; government or agency securities; and certain mortgage- and asset-backed securities; and

•

Level 3. Valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs are unobservable. Level 3 consists of financial instruments whose fair value is estimated based on industry-standard pricing methodologies and models using significant inputs not based on, nor corroborated by, readily available market information. Valuations for this category primarily consist of non-binding broker quotes. Financial instruments in this category could include less liquid mortgage- and asset-backed securities and equity securities.

As of each reporting period, all assets and liabilities recorded at fair value are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input (Level 3 being the lowest in the hierarchy) that is significant to the fair value measurement. Significant levels of estimation and judgment are required to determine the fair value of certain of our investments. The factors influencing these estimations and judgments are subject to change in subsequent reporting periods.

The estimated fair value and hierarchy classifications for assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows:


	March 31, 2024
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	(In thousands)
Fair value assets:
Available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities:
U.S. government and agencies	$	-	$	9,875	$	-	$	9,875
Foreign government		-		158,820		-		158,820
States and political subdivisions		-		130,224		-		130,224
Corporates		3,946		1,658,187		-		1,662,133
Mortgage- and asset-backed securities:
Residential mortgage-backed securities		-		446,985		-		446,985
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		-		111,104		-		111,104
Other asset-backed securities		-		262,999		-		262,999
Total available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities		3,946		2,778,194		-		2,782,140
Short-term investments		-		271		-		271
Total available-for-sale securities		3,946		2,778,465		-		2,782,411
Equity securities		24,038		978		1,631		26,647
Trading securities		-		3,253		-		3,253
Cash and cash equivalents		593,399		-		-		593,399
Separate accounts		-		2,334,911		-		2,334,911
Total fair value assets	$	621,383	$	5,117,607	$	1,631	$	5,740,621
Fair value liabilities:
Separate accounts	$	-	$	2,334,911	$	-	$	2,334,911
Total fair value liabilities	$	-	$	2,334,911	$	-	$	2,334,911


	December 31, 2023
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	(In thousands)
Fair value assets:
Available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities:
U.S. government and agencies	$	-	$	9,516	$	-	$	9,516
Foreign government		-		163,382		-		163,382
States and political subdivisions		-		131,989		-		131,989
Corporates		3,951		1,613,573		-		1,617,524
Mortgage-and asset-backed securities:
Residential mortgage-backed securities		-		437,531		-		437,531
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		-		112,167		-		112,167
Other asset-backed securities		-		246,858		500		247,358
Total available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities		3,951		2,715,016		500		2,719,467
Short-term investments		-		276		-		276
Total available-for-sale securities		3,951		2,715,292		500		2,719,743
Equity securities		27,062		974		1,644		29,680
Trading securities		-		18,383		-		18,383
Cash and cash equivalents		613,148		-		-		613,148
Separate accounts		-		2,395,842		-		2,395,842
Total fair value assets	$	644,161	$	5,130,491	$	2,144	$	5,776,796
Fair value liabilities:
Separate accounts	$	-	$	2,395,842	$	-	$	2,395,842
Total fair value liabilities	$	-	$	2,395,842	$	-	$	2,395,842

In estimating fair value of our investments, we use a third-party pricing service for approximately all of our securities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The remaining securities are primarily thinly-traded securities, such as private placements, and are valued using models based on observable inputs on public corporate spreads having similar characteristics (e.g., sector, average life and quality rating), liquidity and yield based on quality rating, average life and U.S. Treasury yields. All observable data inputs are corroborated by independent third-party data. We also corroborate pricing information provided by our third-party pricing service by performing a review of selected securities. Our review activities include: obtaining detailed information about the assumptions, inputs and methodologies used in pricing the security; documenting this information; and corroborating it by comparison to independently obtained prices and/or independently developed pricing methodologies.

Furthermore, we perform internal reasonableness assessments on fair value determinations within our portfolio throughout the year and as of year-end, including pricing variance analyses and comparisons to alternative pricing sources and benchmark returns. If a fair value appears unusual relative to these assessments, we will re-examine the inputs and may challenge a fair value assessment made by the pricing service. If there is a known pricing error, we will request a reassessment by the pricing service. If the pricing service is unable to perform the reassessment on a timely basis, we will determine the appropriate price by requesting a reassessment from an alternative pricing service or other qualified source as necessary. We do not adjust quotes or prices except in a rare circumstance to resolve a known error.

Because many fixed-maturity securities do not trade on a daily basis, third-party pricing services generally determine fair value using industry-standard methodologies, which vary by asset class. For corporates, governments, and agency securities, these methodologies include developing prices by incorporating available market information such as U.S. Treasury curves, benchmarking of similar securities including new issues, sector groupings, quotes from market participants and matrix pricing. Observable information is compiled and integrates relevant credit information, perceived market movements and sector news. Additionally, security prices are periodically back-tested to validate and/or refine models as conditions warrant. Market indicators and industry and economic events are also monitored as triggers to obtain additional data. For certain structured securities (such as mortgage- and asset-backed securities) with limited trading activity, third-party pricing services generally use industry-standard pricing methodologies that incorporate market information, such as index prices or discounting expected future cash flows based on underlying collateral, and quotes from market participants, to estimate fair value. If one or more of these input measures are not deemed observable for a particular security, the security will be classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

Where specific market information is unavailable for certain securities, pricing models produce estimates of fair value primarily using Level 2 inputs along with certain Level 3 inputs. These models include matrix pricing. The pricing matrix uses current U.S. Treasury rates and credit spreads received from third-party sources to estimate fair value. The credit spreads incorporate the issuer’s industry- or issuer-specific credit characteristics and the security’s time to maturity, if warranted. Remaining unpriced securities are valued using an estimate of fair value based on indicative market prices that include significant unobservable inputs not based on, nor corroborated by, market information, including the utilization of non-binding broker quotes.

The roll-forward of the Level 3 assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis was as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
	2024			2023
	(In thousands)
Level 3 assets, beginning of period	$	2,144		$	1,710
Net unrealized gains (losses) included in other comprehensive income		4			-
Realized gains (losses) and accretion (amortization) recognized in earnings		(13	)		(17	)
Purchases		-			2,316
Sales		-			-
Settlements		-			-
Transfers into Level 3		-			-
Transfers out of Level 3		(504	)		-
Level 3 assets, end of period	$	1,631		$	4,009

We obtain independent pricing quotes based on observable inputs as of the end of the reporting period for all securities in Level 2. Those inputs include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, market bids/offers, quoted prices for similar instruments in markets that are not active, and other relevant data. We monitor these inputs for market indicators, industry and economic events. There were no material transfers between Level 1 and Level 3 during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

The carrying values and estimated fair values of our financial instruments were as follows:


	March 31, 2024				December 31, 2023
	Carrying value		Estimated fair value		Carrying value		Estimated fair value
	(In thousands)
Assets:
Fixed-maturity securities (available-for-sale)	$	2,782,140	$	2,782,140	$	2,719,467	$	2,719,467
Fixed-maturity security (held-to-maturity) (1)		1,376,400		1,299,228		1,386,980		1,334,892
Short-term investments (available-for-sale)		271		271		276		276
Equity securities		26,647		26,647		29,680		29,680
Trading securities		3,253		3,253		18,383		18,383
Policy loans (1)		39,052		39,052		38,975		38,975
Deposit asset underlying 10% coinsurance agreement (1)		182,684		182,684		187,377		187,377
Separate accounts		2,334,911		2,334,911		2,395,842		2,395,842
Liabilities:
Note payable (2) (3)	$	593,909	$	498,401	$	593,709	$	508,832
Surplus note (1) (2)		1,376,028		1,296,276		1,386,592		1,329,159
Separate accounts		2,334,911		2,334,911		2,395,842		2,395,842

(1)

Classified as a Level 3 fair value measurement.

(2)

Carrying value amounts shown are net of unamortized issuance costs.

(3)

Classified as a Level 2 fair value measurement.

The fair values of financial instruments presented above are estimates of the fair values at a specific point in time using various sources and methods, including market quotations and a complex matrix system that takes into account issuer sector, quality, and spreads in the current marketplace.

Financial Instruments Recognized at Fair Value in the Balance Sheets. Estimated fair values of investments in AFS securities are principally a function of current spreads and interest rates that are corroborated by independent third-party data. Therefore, the fair values presented are indicative of amounts we could realize or settle at the respective balance sheet date. We do not necessarily intend to dispose of or liquidate such instruments prior to maturity. Trading securities and equity securities, including common and nonredeemable preferred stocks, are carried at fair value. Segregated funds in separate accounts are carried at the underlying value of the variable insurance contracts, which is fair value.

The carrying amounts for cash and cash equivalents, trade receivables, accrued investment income, accounts payable, cash collateral and payables for security transactions approximate their fair values due to the short-term nature of these instruments. Consequently, such financial instruments are not included in the above table.

(5) Reinsurance

We use reinsurance extensively, which has a significant effect on our results of operations. Reinsurance arrangements do not relieve us of our primary obligation to the policyholder.

Details on in-force life insurance were as follows:


	March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023
	(Dollars in thousands)
Direct life insurance in-force	$	949,216,091		$	946,756,416
Amounts ceded to other companies		(811,072,619	)		(810,145,801	)
Net life insurance in-force	$	138,143,472		$	136,610,615
Percentage of reinsured life insurance in-force		85	%		86	%

Benefits and claims ceded to reinsurers during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were $357.0 million and $338.9 million, respectively.

Reinsurance recoverables include ceded policy benefit reserve balances, ceded claim liabilities, and ceded claims paid that have not been reimbursed. The Company allocated reinsurance recoverables estimated at the cohort level to individual reinsurers for disclosure purposes. Reinsurance recoverables estimated by reinsurer and the financial strength ratings of those reinsurers were as follows:


	March 31, 2024				December 31, 2023
	Reinsurance recoverables			A.M. Best rating	Reinsurance recoverables			A.M. Best rating
	(In thousands)
Swiss Re Life and Health America, Inc. (Novated from Pecan Re Inc.) (1)	$	2,215,368		A+	$	2,271,223		A+
Munich Re of Malta (1) (2)		229,847		NR		243,890		NR
SCOR Global Life Reinsurance Companies (3)		147,608		A		160,381		A
American Health and Life Insurance Company (1)		136,886		B++		141,771		B++
Munich American Reassurance Company		46,557		A+		50,273		A+
Swiss Re Life & Health America Inc. (4)		44,090		A+		43,873		A+
RGA Reinsurance Company		43,201		A+		43,188		A+
Korean Reinsurance Company		40,133		A		41,373		A
All other reinsurers		17,775		-		20,925		-
Allowance for credit losses		(1,048	)			(1,120	)
Reinsurance recoverables	$	2,920,417			$	3,015,777

NR – not rated by A.M. Best

(1)

Reinsurance recoverables include balances ceded under coinsurance transactions of term life insurance policies that were in-force as of December 31, 2009. Amounts shown are net of their share of the reinsurance recoverable from other reinsurers. Arrangements with these reinsurers include collateral trust agreements held in support of reinsurance recoverables.

(2)

Entity is rated AA- by S&P.

(3)

Includes amounts ceded to Transamerica Reinsurance Companies and fully retroceded to SCOR Global Life Reinsurance Companies.

(4)

Includes amounts ceded to Lincoln National Life Insurance and fully retroceded to Swiss Re Life & Health America Inc.

We estimate and recognize lifetime expected credit losses for reinsurance recoverables. In estimating the allowance for credit losses for reinsurance recoverables, we factor in the underlying collateral for reinsurance agreements where available. Specifically, for reinsurers with underlying trust assets, we compare the reinsurance recoverables balance to the underlying trust assets that mitigate the potential exposure to credit losses. We also analyze the financial condition of the reinsurers, as determined by third-party rating agencies, to determine the probability of default for the reinsurers. We then utilize a third-party credit default study to calculate an expected credit loss given default rate or recovery rate. The probability of default and loss given default rates are then applied to the reinsurers’ recoverable balance, while also factoring in any third-party letters of credit that support the reinsurance agreement, in order to calculate our allowance for credit losses.

The rollforward of the allowance for credit losses on reinsurance recoverables were as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
	2024			2023
	(In thousands)
Balance, beginning of period	$	1,120		$	2,936
Current period provision for expected credit losses		(72	)		627
Balance, at the end of period	$	1,048		$	3,563

(6) Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs

The balances and activity in DAC were as follows:


	Three months ended						Year ended
	March 31, 2024						December 31, 2023
	(In thousands)
	Term Life			Segregated Funds (Canada)			Term Life			Segregated Funds (Canada)
DAC balance, beginning of period	$	3,366,281		$	63,029		$	3,106,148		$	62,341
Capitalization		135,959			902			521,718			4,353
Amortization		(70,491	)		(1,201	)		(268,803	)		(5,479	)
Foreign exchange translation and other		(6,560	)		(1,651	)		7,218			1,814
DAC balance, at the end of period	$	3,425,189		$	61,079		$	3,366,281		$	63,029

Reconciliation of DAC by product was as follows:


	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
	(In thousands)
Term Life Insurance	$	3,425,189	$	3,366,281
Segregated Funds (Canada)		61,079		63,029
Other		17,672		17,924
Total DAC, net	$	3,503,940	$	3,447,234

There were no changes to the judgments, assumptions and methods used to amortize DAC during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

(7) Separate Accounts

The following table represents the fair value of assets supporting separate accounts by major investment category:


	March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023
	(In thousands)
Fixed-income securities	$	802,655		$	876,524
Equity securities		1,472,006			1,436,122
Cash and cash equivalents		73,053			87,530
Due to/from funds		(12,824	)		(4,357	)
Other		21			23
Total separate account assets	$	2,334,911		$	2,395,842

The following table represents the balances of and changes in separate account liabilities:


	Three months ended			Year ended
	March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023
	(In thousands)
Separate account liabilities balance, beginning of period	$	2,395,842		$	2,305,717
Premiums and deposits		55,773			186,631
Surrenders and withdrawals		(126,228	)		(343,473	)
Investment performance		87,443			245,565
Management fees and other charges		(15,115	)		(62,159	)
Foreign exchange translation		(62,804	)		63,561
Separate account liabilities balance, end of period	$	2,334,911		$	2,395,842
Cash surrender value	$	2,300,124		$	2,354,813

The cash surrender value represents the amount of the contract holders’ account balance distributable at the balance sheet date less the Company’s estimate of the deferred sales charges that would be assessed if the policyholders redeemed their contracts at the balance sheet date. This estimate requires the Company to make certain assumptions regarding the underlying account balances by contribution year and application of the contractually defined deferred sales charges that would be applicable to each contribution year.

(8) Policy Claims and Other Benefits Payable

Changes in policy claims and other benefits payable were as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
	2024			2023
	(In thousands)
Policy claims and other benefits payable, beginning of period	$	513,803		$	538,250
Less reinsured policy claims and other benefits payable		534,674			542,613
Net balance, beginning of period		(20,871	)		(4,363	)
Incurred related to current year		69,021			65,820
Incurred related to prior years (1)		(3,967	)		(2,732	)
Total incurred		65,054			63,088
Claims paid related to current year, net of reinsured policy claims received		(126,076	)		(141,557	)
Reinsured policy claims received related to prior years, net of claims paid		40,499			8,422
Total paid		(85,577	)		(133,135	)
Foreign currency translation		(250	)		38
Net balance, end of period		(41,644	)		(74,372	)
Add reinsured policy claims and other benefits payable		559,112			572,855
Balance, end of period	$	517,468		$	498,483

(1)

Includes the difference between our estimate of claims incurred but not yet reported as of period-end and the actual incurred claims reported after period-end.

The liability for policy claims and other benefits payable on traditional life insurance products includes estimated unpaid claims that have been reported to us and claims incurred but not yet reported. We estimate claims incurred but not yet reported based on our historical claims activity, adjusted for any current trends and conditions, and reported lag time experience.

(9) Future Policy Benefits

The following tables summarize balances and changes in the present value of expected net premiums and the present value of expected future policy benefits underlying the LFPB:


	Three months ended			Year ended
	March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023
	(Dollars in thousands)
Present Value of Expected Net Premiums	Term Life Insurance
Balance at then current discount rate, beginning of period	$	13,977,353		$	13,053,386
Balance at original discount rate, beginning of period		14,012,553			13,521,221
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions		-			(5,364	)
Effect of actual variances from expected experience		(68,167	)		(229,884	)
Adjusted balance, beginning of period		13,944,386			13,285,973
Issuances		495,614			1,836,290
Interest accrual at original discount rate		151,049			544,806
Net premiums collected		(429,268	)		(1,682,924	)
Foreign currency translation		(28,030	)		28,408
Expected net premiums at original discount rate, end of period		14,133,751			14,012,553
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions		(295,046	)		(35,200	)
Expected net premiums at then current discount rate, end of period	$	13,838,705		$	13,977,353

Present Value of Expected Future Policy Benefits
Balance at then current discount rate, beginning of period	$	20,508,435		$	19,143,253
Balance at original discount rate, beginning of period		20,391,694			19,706,818
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions		-			(7,254	)
Effect of actual variances from expected experience		(56,046	)		(225,539	)
Adjusted balance, beginning of period		20,335,648			19,474,025
Issuances		498,175			1,840,996
Interest accrual at original discount rate		228,641			856,727
Benefit payments		(490,713	)		(1,823,542	)
Foreign currency translation		(42,811	)		43,488
Expected future policy benefits at original discount rate, end of period		20,528,940			20,391,694
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions		(346,242	)		116,741
Expected future policy benefits at then current discount rate, end of period	$	20,182,698		$	20,508,435

LFPB	$	6,343,993		$	6,531,082
Less: reinsurance recoverables		2,905,537			3,001,074
Net LFPB, after reinsurance recoverables	$	3,438,456		$	3,530,008
Weighted-average duration of net LFPB (in years)		7.9			7.9

During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, experience variances in persistency and mortality resulted in remeasurement losses of $0.1 million and $0.6 million, respectively. The impact of experience variances in persistency and mortality during each period was largely offset by reinsurance. There were no changes to the inputs, judgments, assumptions, and methods used in measuring the LFPB during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023.

Losses recognized as a result of capping the net premium ratio at 100% were immaterial during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

The following table reconciles the LFPB to the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets:


	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
	(In thousands)
Term Life Insurance	$	6,343,993	$	6,531,082
Other		204,057		210,943
Total	$	6,548,050	$	6,742,025

The following table reconciles the reinsurance recoverables to the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets:


	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
	(In thousands)
Term Life Insurance	$	2,905,537	$	3,001,074
Other		14,880		14,703
Total	$	2,920,417	$	3,015,777

The amount of discounted (using the then current discount rate) and undiscounted expected gross premiums and expected future benefit payments were as follows:


	March 31, 2024				December 31, 2023
	(In thousands)
Term Life Insurance
	Undiscounted		Discounted		Undiscounted		Discounted
Expected future benefit payments	$	33,603,218	$	20,182,699	$	33,342,272	$	20,508,435
Expected future gross premiums	$	38,929,359	$	26,337,620	$	38,701,869	$	26,687,880

The amount of revenue and interest recognized in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income were as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
	2024			2023
	(In thousands)
Term Life Insurance
Gross premiums	$	836,322		$	812,880
Interest accretion (expense)	$	(77,593	)	$	(76,684	)

The weighted-average discount rates were as follows:


	March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023
Term Life Insurance
Original discount rate		4.88	%		4.93	%
Current discount rate		5.22	%		4.91	%

There were no changes to the methods used to determine the discount rates during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and the twelve months ended December 31, 2023.

(10) Stockholders’ Equity

The following table shows changes in our outstanding common stock:


	Three months ended March 31,
	2024			2023
	(In thousands)
Common stock, beginning of period	$	34,996		$	36,824
Shares of common stock issued upon exercise of stock options		-			43
Shares of common stock issued when sales restrictions on restricted stock units (“RSUs”) lapsed and performance-based stock units (“PSUs”) were earned		110			129
Common stock retired		(497	)		(589	)
Common stock, end of period	$	34,609		$	36,407

The above table excludes RSUs and PSUs, which do not have voting rights. As sales restrictions on RSUs lapse and PSUs are earned, we issue common shares with voting rights. As of March 31, 2024, we had a total of 223,730 RSUs and 58,619 PSUs outstanding. The PSU outstanding balance is based on the number of PSUs granted pursuant to the award agreements; however, the actual number of common shares earned could be higher or lower based on actual versus targeted performance. See Note 12 (Share-Based Transactions) for discussion of the PSU award structure.

On November 16, 2023, our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program for up to $425.0 million of our outstanding common stock for purchases from November 16, 2023 through December 31, 2024 (the “Share Repurchase Program”). Under the Share Repurchase Program, we repurchased 465,938 shares of our common stock in the open market for an aggregate purchase price of $109.1 million through March 31, 2024. Approximately $315.9 million remains available for repurchases of our outstanding common stock under the Share Repurchase Program as of March 31, 2024.

(11) Earnings Per Share

The Company has outstanding common stock and equity awards that consist of RSUs and PSUs. All previously remaining outstanding stock options were exercised during the year ended December 31, 2023. The RSUs maintain non-forfeitable dividend rights that result in dividend payment obligations on a one-to-one ratio with common shares for any future dividend declarations.

Unvested RSUs are deemed participating securities for purposes of calculating earnings per share (“EPS”) as they maintain dividend rights. We calculate EPS using the two-class method. Under the two-class method, we allocate earnings to common shares and vested RSUs outstanding for the period. Earnings attributable to unvested participating securities, along with the corresponding share counts, are excluded from EPS as reflected in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income.

In calculating basic EPS, we deduct from net income any dividends and undistributed earnings allocated to unvested RSUs and then divide the result by the weighted-average number of common shares and vested RSUs outstanding for the period.

We determine the potential dilutive effect of PSUs and stock options outstanding (“contingently-issuable shares”) on EPS using the treasury-stock method. Under this method, we determine the proceeds that would be received from the issuance of the contingently-issuable shares if the end of the reporting period were the end of the contingency period. The proceeds from the contingently-issuable shares include the remaining unrecognized compensation expense of the awards and the cash received for the exercise price on stock options. We then use the average market price of our common shares during the period the contingently-issuable shares were outstanding to determine how many shares we could repurchase with the proceeds raised from the issuance of the contingently-issuable shares. The net incremental share count issued represents the potential dilutive securities. We then reallocate earnings to common shares and vested RSUs by incorporating the increased fully-diluted share count to determine diluted EPS.

The calculation of basic and diluted EPS was as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
	2024			2023
	(In thousands, except per-share amounts)
Basic EPS:
Numerator:
Net income	$	137,904		$	128,099
Income attributable to unvested participating securities		(572	)		(579	)
Net income used in calculating basic EPS	$	137,332		$	127,520
Denominator:
Weighted-average vested shares		34,883			36,710
Basic EPS	$	3.94		$	3.47

Diluted EPS:
Numerator:
Net income	$	137,904		$	128,099
Income attributable to unvested participating securities		(572	)		(578	)
Net income used in calculating diluted EPS	$	137,332		$	127,521
Denominator:
Weighted-average vested shares		34,883			36,710
Dilutive effect of incremental shares to be issued for contingently-issuable shares		54			94
Weighted-average shares used in calculating diluted EPS		34,937			36,804
Diluted EPS	$	3.93		$	3.46

(12) Share-Based Transactions

The Company has outstanding equity awards under the Primerica, Inc. 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “OIP”), which was approved by the Company’s stockholders on May 13, 2020. The OIP provides for the issuance of equity awards, including stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, deferred stock, RSUs, PSUs, and stock payment awards, as well as cash-based awards. In addition to time-based vesting requirements, awards granted under the OIP may also be subject to specified performance criteria. Under the OIP, the Company issues equity awards to our management (officers and other key employees), non-employees who serve on our Board of Directors, and sales force leaders. For more information on equity awards granted under the OIP, see Note 15 (Share-Based Transactions) to our consolidated financial statements within our 2023 Annual Report.

In connection with our granting of equity awards to management and members of the Board of Directors, we recognize expense over the requisite service period of the equity award. We defer and amortize the fair value of equity awards granted to the sales force in the same manner as other deferred policy acquisition costs for those awards that are an incremental direct cost of successful acquisitions of life insurance policies that result directly from and are essential to the policy acquisition(s) and would not have been incurred had the policy acquisition(s) not occurred. All equity awards granted to the sales force that are not directly related to the successful acquisition of life insurance policies are recognized as expense as incurred, which is in the quarter granted and earned.

The impact of equity awards granted under the OIP are as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
	2024		2023
	(In thousands)
Equity awards expense recognized	$	12,614	$	12,125
Equity awards expense deferred		2,199		2,523

On February 16, 2024, the Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors granted the following equity awards to employees as part of the annual approval of management incentive compensation:

•

48,998 RSUs awarded to management with a measurement-date fair value of $244.89 per unit that have time-based vesting requirements with equal and annual graded vesting over approximately three years subsequent to the grant date.

•

15,005 PSUs awarded to our five top executives as of that date with a measurement-date fair value of $244.89 per unit. The PSUs will be earned on March 1, 2027 contingent upon the Company achieving a targeted annual average three-year return on adjusted equity (“ROAE”) and average EPS growth for the period from January 1, 2024 through December 31, 2026. The actual number of common shares that will be earned will vary based on the actual ROAE and average EPS growth relative to the targeted ROAE and average EPS growth and can range from zero to 22,507 shares.

All awards granted to employees on February 16, 2024 vest upon voluntary termination of employment by any employee who is “retirement eligible” as of his or her termination date. In order to be retirement eligible, an employee must be at least 55 years old and his or her age plus years of service with the Company must equal at least 75. The number of PSUs that will ultimately be earned for a retirement eligible employee is equal to the amount calculated using the Company’s actual cumulative three-year ROAE and average EPS growth for the performance period even if that employee retires prior to the completion of such relevant three-year performance period.

(13) Commitments and Contingent Liabilities

The Company is involved from time-to-time in legal disputes, regulatory inquiries and arbitration proceedings in the normal course of business. These disputes are subject to uncertainties, including the large and/or indeterminate amounts sought in certain of these matters and the inherent unpredictability of litigation. As such, the Company is unable to estimate the possible loss or range of loss that may result from these matters.

(14) Other Comprehensive Income

The components of other comprehensive income (“OCI”), including the income tax expense or benefit allocated to each component, were as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
	2024			2023
	(In thousands)
Foreign currency translation adjustments:
Change in unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses) before income taxes	$	(9,456	)	$	1,020
Income tax expense (benefit) on unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses)		-			-
Change in unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses), net of income taxes	$	(9,456	)	$	1,020
Unrealized gain (losses) on available-for-sale securities:
Change in unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during period before income taxes	$	(14,843	)	$	38,549
Income tax expense (benefit) on unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during period		(3,320	)		8,316
Change in unrealized holding gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities arising during period, net of income taxes		(11,523	)		30,233

Reclassification from accumulated OCI to net income for (gains) losses realized on available-for-sale securities		(7	)		3,137
Income tax (expense) benefit on (gains) losses reclassified from accumulated OCI to net income		(1	)		659
Reclassification from accumulated OCI to net income for (gains) losses realized on available-for-sale securities, net of income taxes		(6	)		2,478
Change in unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities, net of income taxes and reclassification adjustment	$	(11,529	)	$	32,711
Effect of change in discount rate assumptions on the LFPB:
Change in effect in discount rate assumptions on the LFPB before income taxes	$	168,086		$	(181,281	)
Income tax (expense) benefit on the effect of change in discount rate
assumptions on the LFPB from accumulated OCI to net income		36,147			(38,899	)
Change in effect in discount rate assumptions on the LFPB, net of income taxes	$	131,939		$	(142,382	)

(15) Debt

Notes Payable. As of March 31, 2024, the Company had outstanding $600.0 million of publicly-traded, senior unsecured notes (the “Senior Notes”), with an annual interest rate of 2.80% that are scheduled to mature on November 19, 2031. As of March 31, 2024, we were in compliance with the covenants of the Senior Notes. No events of default occurred on the Senior Notes during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Further discussion on the Company’s Senior Notes is included in Note 11 (Debt) to our consolidated financial statements within our 2023 Annual Report.

Surplus Note. As of March 31, 2024, the principal amount outstanding on the Surplus Note issued by Vidalia Re was $1.4 billion, which is equal to the principal amount of the LLC Note. The principal amounts of the Surplus Note and the LLC Note have reached their peaks and are expected to decrease over time to coincide with the amount of policy reserves being contractually supported under the Vidalia Re Coinsurance Agreement. Both the LLC Note and the Surplus Note mature on December 31, 2030 and bear interest at an annual interest rate of 4.50%. This financing arrangement is non-recourse to the Parent Company and Primerica Life, meaning that neither of these companies has guaranteed the Surplus Note or is otherwise liable for reimbursement for any payments triggered by the LLC Note’s credit enhancement feature. The Parent Company has agreed to support Vidalia Re’s obligation to pay the credit enhancement fee incurred on the LLC Note.

Further discussion on the Company’s LLC Note is included in Note 3 (Investments).

Revolving Credit Facility. We maintain an unsecured $200.0 million revolving credit facility (“Revolving Credit Facility”) with a syndicate of commercial banks. The Revolving Credit Facility has a scheduled termination date of June 22, 2026. Amounts outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility are borrowed, at our discretion, on the basis of either a Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) rate loan, or a base rate loan. SOFR rate loans bear interest at a periodic rate equal to one-, three-, or six-month Adjusted Term SOFR, plus an applicable margin. Base rate loans bear interest at the highest of (a) the Prime Rate, (b) the Federal Funds Rate plus 0.50% and (c) one-month Adjusted Term SOFR plus 1.00%, plus an applicable margin. The Revolving Credit Facility also permits the issuance of letters of credit. The applicable margins are based on our debt rating with such margins for SOFR rate loans and letters of credit ranging from 1.000% to 1.625% per annum and for base rate loans ranging from 0.000% to 0.625% per annum. Under the Revolving Credit Facility, we incur a commitment fee that is payable quarterly in arrears and is determined by our debt rating. This commitment fee ranges from 0.100% to 0.225% per annum of the aggregate amount of the $200.0 million commitment of the lenders under the Revolving Credit Facility that remains undrawn. During the three months ended March 31, 2024,

no amounts were outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility and we were in compliance with its covenants. Furthermore, no events of default occurred under the Revolving Credit Facility during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

(16) Revenue from Contracts with Customers

Our revenues from contracts with customers primarily include:

•

Commissions and fees earned for the marketing and distribution of investment and savings products underwritten by mutual fund companies and annuity providers. For purposes of revenue recognition, mutual fund companies and annuity providers are considered the customers in marketing and distribution arrangements;

•

Fees earned for investment advisory and administrative services within our managed investments program and shareholder service fees earned in Canada for mutual funds for which we serve as principal distributor;

•

Account-based fees for transfer agent recordkeeping functions and non-bank custodial services;

•

Commissions and fees earned from the distribution of Medicare-related insurance products on behalf of health insurance carriers, including tail revenue adjustments;

•

Other Senior Health segment revenues earned for providing certain marketing services and health risk assessment services, which are recorded in Other, net revenue;

•

Fees associated with mortgage distribution and the distribution of other third-party financial products; and

•

Other revenue from the sale of miscellaneous products and services including monthly subscription fees from the sales representatives for access to Primerica Online, our primary sales force support tool.

Premiums from insurance contracts we underwrite, fees received from segregated funds insurance contracts, and income earned on our invested assets are excluded from the definition of revenues from contracts with customers in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

Further discussion on the Company’s revenues from contracts with customers and revenue recognition policies are included in Note 19 (Revenue from Contracts with Customers) to our consolidated financial statements within our 2023 Annual Report.

The disaggregation of our revenues from contracts with customers were as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
	2024		2023
	(In thousands)
Term Life Insurance segment revenues:
Other, net	$	12,649	$	12,233
Total segment revenues from contracts with customers		12,649		12,233
Revenues from sources other than contracts with customers		427,763		408,836
Total Term Life Insurance segment revenues	$	440,412	$	421,069

Investment and Savings Products segment revenues:
Commissions and fees
Sales-based revenues	$	88,746	$	72,388
Asset-based revenues		114,699		98,104
Account-based revenues		23,180		22,790
Other, net		3,258		3,120
Total segment revenues from contracts with customers		229,883		196,402
Revenues from sources other than contracts with customers (segregated funds)		13,833		13,800
Total Investment and Savings Products segment revenues	$	243,716	$	210,202

Senior Health segment revenues:
Commissions and fees	$	6,077	$	15,755
Other, net		803		2,955
Total Senior Health segment revenues	$	6,880	$	18,710

Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment revenues:
Commissions and fees	$	8,486	$	8,710
Other, net		705		1,199
Total segment revenues from contracts with customers		9,191		9,909
Revenues from sources other than contracts with customers		42,631		30,146
Total Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment revenues	$	51,822	$	40,055

Renewal Commissions Receivable. For revenue associated with ongoing renewal commissions in the Senior Health and Corporate and Other Distributed Products segments, we record a renewal commission receivable asset for the amount of ongoing renewal commissions we anticipate collecting in reporting periods subsequent to the satisfaction of the performance obligation, less amounts that are constrained in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. We update our estimate of variable consideration each period as new facts or circumstances that were not available at the time of the initial estimate will indicate that the expected renewal commissions are higher or lower than our renewal commissions receivable. As such, the expected renewal commissions receivable will be written down or up to its revised expected value by adjustments to revenue, which we refer to as tail revenue adjustments.

Activity in the Renewal commissions receivable account was as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
	2024			2023
	(In thousands)
Senior Health segment:
Balance, beginning of period	$	128,886		$	139,399
Commissions revenue		6,324			9,062
Less: collections		(11,436	)		(14,262	)
Tail revenue adjustment from change in estimate		(7,841	)		-
Balance, at the end of period	$	115,933		$	134,199

Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment:
Balance, beginning of period	$	61,372		$	60,644
Commissions revenue		5,039			5,370
Less: collections		(6,046	)		(5,804	)
Balance, at the end of period	$	60,365		$	60,210

Incremental costs to obtain or fulfill contracts, most notably sales commissions to the sales representatives, are not incurred prior to the recognition of the related revenue. Therefore, we have no assets recognized for incremental costs to obtain or fulfill contracts.

(17) Subsequent Event

In April 2024, the Company executed agreements providing for the payment of certain claims filed by the Company under a Representation and Warranty insurance policy negotiated and purchased in connection with the acquisition of e-TeleQuote on July 1, 2021. The claims made by the Company involved breaches of certain representations and warranties relating to the pre-acquisition financial statements made by the sellers of e-TeleQuote in connection with the acquisition. The Company will recognize a gain in earnings during the three months ended June 30, 2024 of $50.0 million, which is equal to the aggregate proceeds to be received from the third party insurers under the policy, reflecting the full coverage under the policy.

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is intended to inform the reader about matters affecting the financial condition and results of operations of Primerica, Inc. (the “Parent Company”) and its subsidiaries (collectively, “we”, “us” or the “Company”) for the period from December 31, 2023 to March 31, 2024. As a result, the following discussion should be read in conjunction with MD&A and the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto that are included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 (“2023 Annual Report”). This discussion contains forward-looking statements that constitute our plans, estimates and beliefs. These forward-looking statements involve numerous risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, those discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” in the 2023 Annual Report and in Item 1A of this Report. Actual results may differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.

This MD&A is divided into the following sections:

•

Business Overview

•

Business Trends and Conditions

•

Factors Affecting Our Results

•

Critical Accounting Estimates

•

Results of Operations

•

Financial Condition

•

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Business Overview

We are a leading provider of financial products and services to middle-income households in the United States and Canada primarily through a network of independent contractor sales representatives (“independent sales representatives” or “independent sales force”). We assist our clients in meeting their needs for term life insurance, which we underwrite, and mutual funds, annuities, managed investments, Medicare-related insurance products and other financial products, which we distribute primarily on behalf of third parties. We have three primary operating segments, Term Life Insurance, Investment and Savings Products, and Senior Health, and a fourth segment, Corporate and Other Distributed Products.

Term Life Insurance. We distribute the term life insurance products that we underwrite through our three issuing life insurance company subsidiaries: Primerica Life Insurance Company (“Primerica Life”), National Benefit Life Insurance Company (“NBLIC”), and Primerica Life Insurance Company of Canada (“Primerica Life Canada”). Policies remain in-force until the expiration of the coverage period or until the policyholder ceases to make premium payments. Our in-force term life insurance policies have level premiums for the stated term period. As such, the policyholder pays the same amount each year. Initial policy term periods are between 10 and 35 years. While premiums typically remain level during the initial term period, our claim obligations generally increase as our policyholders age. In addition, we incur significant up-front costs in acquiring new insurance business.

Investment and Savings Products. In the United States, we distribute mutual funds, managed investments, variable annuity, and fixed annuity products of several third-party companies. We provide investment advisory and administrative services for client assets invested in our managed investments program. We also perform distinct transfer agent recordkeeping services and non-bank custodial services for investors purchasing certain mutual funds we distribute. In Canada, we offer mutual funds of other companies and segregated funds, which are underwritten by Primerica Life Canada.

Senior Health. In the United States, we distribute Medicare-related insurance products to eligible Medicare beneficiaries and enroll eligible Medicare beneficiaries in coverage utilizing licensed health insurance agents through our subsidiary, e-TeleQuote Insurance, Inc. (“e-TeleQuote”) (dba easyMed Insurance Services). The health insurance products we distribute are underwritten and administered by third-party health insurance carriers and primarily consist of Medicare Advantage enrollments. Contract acquisition costs are incurred up front when policy applications are approved and include costs associated with generating or acquiring leads, as well as fees paid to Primerica Senior Health certified independent sales representatives, and compensation, licensing, and training costs incurred for e-TeleQuote’s workforce of licensed health insurance agents. e-TeleQuote’s licensed health insurance agents are employees of the Company. We receive compensation from the third-party health insurance carriers in the form of initial commissions when eligible Medicare beneficiaries are enrolled and renewal commissions upon the anniversary of the effective date, for as long as policies remain in-force.

Corporate and Other Distributed Products. The Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment consists primarily of revenues and expenses related to other distributed products, including closed blocks of various insurance products underwritten by NBLIC, prepaid legal services, mortgage originations, and other financial products. These products, except for closed blocks of various insurance products underwritten by NBLIC, are distributed pursuant to distribution arrangements with third-party companies through the independent sales force. Net investment income earned on cash, cash equivalents, and our invested asset portfolio is recorded in the

Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment. Interest expense incurred by the Company is attributed to the Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment.

Business Trends and Conditions

The relative strength and stability of financial markets and economies in the United States and Canada affect our growth and profitability. Our business is, and we expect will continue to be, influenced by a number of industry-wide and product-specific trends and conditions. Economic conditions, including unemployment levels and consumer confidence, influence investment and spending decisions by middle-income consumers, who are generally our primary clients. These conditions and factors also impact prospective recruits’ perceptions of the business opportunity that becoming an independent sales representative offers, which can drive or dampen recruiting. Consumer spending and borrowing levels affect how consumers evaluate their savings and debt management plans. In addition, interest rates and equity market returns impact consumer demand for the savings and investment products we distribute. Our customers’ perception of the strength of the capital markets may also influence their decisions to invest in the investment and savings products we distribute.

The financial and distribution results of our operations in Canada, as reported in U.S. dollars, are affected by changes in the currency exchange rate. As a result, changes in the Canadian dollar exchange rate may significantly affect the results of our business for all amounts translated and reported in U.S. dollars.

Significant volatility in capital markets in recent periods has continued to impact our business. Volatility in capital markets has influenced product sales and client asset values that drive revenue in the Investment and Savings Products segment. In addition, the sharp rise in market interest rates during 2022 has largely driven the unrealized losses that have accumulated in our investment portfolio. We have not recognized losses caused by interest rate volatility in the income statement as we have the ability to hold these investments until maturity or a market price recovery, and we have no present intention to dispose of them. Increased interest rates have also led to increases in net investment income as we are able to earn higher returns on our new debt securities purchases and cash balances.

Significant inflation that followed the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic has led to an elevated cost of living for middle-income families. We believe that the elevated cost of living has adversely impacted persistency for term life insurance policies. While the rate of inflation has been normalizing from its peak in 2022, lapses of term life insurance policies have remained above long-term historical levels. The continuation of the elevated cost of living could adversely impact demand for our products.

The effects of these trends and conditions on our quarterly results are discussed below in the Results of Operations and Financial Condition sections.

Size of the Independent Sales Force.

Our ability to increase the size of the independent sales force (“independent sales representatives” or “independent sales force”) is largely based on the success of the independent sales force’s recruiting efforts as well as training and motivating recruits to get licensed to sell life insurance. We believe that recruitment and licensing levels are important to independent sales force trends, and growth in recruiting and licensing is usually indicative of future growth in the overall size of the independent sales force. Recruiting changes do not always result in commensurate changes in the size of the licensed independent sales force because new recruits may obtain the requisite licenses at rates above or below historical levels.

Details on recruiting and life-licensed independent sales representative activity were as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
	2024		2023
New recruits		110,710		93,540
New life-licensed independent sales representatives		12,949		11,118

The number of new recruits increased during the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023. The Company has experienced increased recruiting as the size of the sales force grows. In addition, positive sentiment regarding interest in our business opportunity along with the demand for supplemental income likely contributed to the increase in recruiting.

New life-licensed independent sales representatives increased during the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023 as the pipeline of recruits has increased year-over-year.

The size of the life-licensed independent sales force was as follows:


	March 31, 2024		March 31, 2023
Life-licensed independent sales representatives, at period end		142,855		136,430

The number of life-licensed independent sales representatives increased as of March 31, 2024, reflecting the strong recruiting and licensing activity discussed above.

Term Life Insurance Product Sales and Face Amount In-Force.

The average number of life-licensed independent sales representatives and the number of term life insurance policies issued, as well as the average monthly rate of new policies issued per life-licensed independent sales representative (historically between 0.20 and 0.24), were as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Average number of life-licensed independent sales representatives		141,855		135,366
Number of new policies issued		86,587		84,561
Average monthly rate of new policies issued per life-licensed independent sales representative		0.20		0.21

The average number of life-licensed independent sales representatives increased for the three months ended March 31, 2024 from the same period in 2023 as a result of strong recruiting and licensing activity that drove growth in the size of the sales force as discussed above.

New policies issued during the three months ended March 31, 2024 increased compared to the same period in 2023 primarily due to year-over-year growth in the number of life-licensed independent sales representatives.

Productivity in the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, measured by the average monthly rate of new policies issued per life-licensed independent sales representative, was in line with our historical range.

The changes in the face amount of our in-force book of term life insurance policies were as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
	2024			% of beginning balance			2023			% of beginning balance
	(Dollars in millions)
Face amount in force, beginning of period	$	944,609					$	916,808
Net change in face amount:
Issued face amount		28,725			3	%		28,124			3	%
Terminations		(23,323	)		(2	)%		(22,211	)		(2	)%
Foreign currency		(2,911	)	*				124		*
Net change in face amount		2,491		*				6,037		*
Face amount in force, end of period	$	947,100					$	922,845

* Less than 1%.

The face amount of term life insurance policies in-force increased for the three months ended March 31, 2024 as the face amount issued continued to exceed the face amount terminated. Issued face amount during the three months ended March 31, 2024 increased slightly due to the increase in the number of new policies issued as discussed above. Policy terminations increased slightly year-over-year but were consistent when measured as a percentage of beginning face amount in force. Policy terminations were elevated in both periods with the high cost of living a likely key contributing factor.

Investment and Savings Product Sales, Asset Values and Accounts/Positions.

Investment and savings product sales were as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,				Change
	2024		2023		$			%
	(Dollars in millions)
Product sales:
U.S. retail mutual funds	$	1,162	$	972	$	190			20	%
Canada retail mutual funds - with up-front sales commissions		180		150		30			20	%
Annuities and other		837		637		200			31	%
Total sales-based revenue generating product sales		2,179		1,759		420			24	%
Managed investments		371		306		65			21	%
Canada retail mutual funds - no up-front sales commissions		197		183		14			8	%
Segregated funds		23		52		(29	)		(56	)%
Total product sales	$	2,770	$	2,300	$	470			20	%

The rollforward of asset values in client accounts was as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
	2024			% of beginning balance			2023			% of beginning balance
	(Dollars in millions)
Asset values, beginning of period	$	96,735					$	83,949
Net change in asset values:
Inflows		2,770			3	%		2,300			3	%
Redemptions		(2,497	)		(3	)%		(1,658	)		(2	)%
Net flows		273		*				642		*
Change in fair value, net		6,724			7	%		3,014			4	%
Foreign currency, net		(392	)	*				16		*
Net change in asset values		6,605			7	%		3,672			4	%
Asset values, end of period	$	103,340					$	87,621

* Less than 1%.

Average client asset values were as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,				Change
	2024		2023		$		%
	(Dollars in millions)
Average client asset values:
U.S. retail mutual funds	$	49,013	$	42,097	$	6,916		16	%
Canada retail mutual funds		12,850		11,345		1,505		13	%
Annuities and other		26,489		23,473		3,016		13	%
Managed investments		8,806		7,338		1,468		20	%
Segregated funds		2,344		2,329		15	*
Total average client asset values	$	99,502	$	86,582	$	12,920		15	%

* Less than 1%.

Average number of fee-generating positions was as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,				Change
	2024		2023		Positions		%
	(Positions in thousands)
Average number of fee-generating positions (1):
Recordkeeping and custodial		2,359		2,316		43		2	%
Recordkeeping only		847		829		18		2	%
Total average number of fee-generating positions		3,206		3,145		61		2	%

(1)

We receive transfer agent recordkeeping fees by mutual fund positions. An individual client account may include multiple mutual fund positions. We may also receive fees, which are earned on a per account basis, for custodial services that we provide to clients with retirement plan accounts that hold positions in these mutual funds.

Changes in Investment and Savings Product Sales, Asset Values and Accounts/Positions During the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024

Product sales. Investment and savings product sales increased during the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023 primarily due to increased demand across all product lines except for Canadian segregated funds. The increase in demand by investors is likely driven by strong equity market performance in the period leading up to and including the first quarter of 2024. Marginally offsetting the increase in product sales were lower year-over-year sales of Canadian segregated funds, as the Company discontinued sales of investments in new Canadian segregated funds accounts in 2023 due to new regulations in Canada. Refer to the MD&A section of the 2023 Annual Report for more information on regulations impacting Canadian segregated funds.

Rollforward of client asset values. Ending client asset values increased during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and the three months ended March 31, 2023 primarily due to the difference in market performance during each respective period.

Average client asset values. Average client asset values increased for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase was driven by the timing and changes in market conditions that affected the balance of client assets during each period combined with the impact of continued positive net flows between the periods.

Average number of fee-generating positions. The average number of fee-generating positions increased during the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023 primarily due to the cumulative effect of retail mutual fund sales in recent periods that led to an increase in the number of retail mutual fund positions serviced on our transfer agent recordkeeping platform.

Senior Health Key Performance Indicators.

Submitted Policies, Approved Policies and Policies Sourced by Primerica Independent Sales Representatives

Submitted policies. Submitted policies represent the number of completed applications that the applicants have authorized e-TeleQuote to submit to the health insurance carriers. The applicant may need to take additional action, including providing subsequent information, before the application is reviewed by the health insurance carrier.

Policies sourced by Primerica independent sales representatives. Primerica independent sales representatives become certified to refer eligible Medicare participants to e-TeleQuote licensed health insurance agents for potential enrollment in policies distributed by e-TeleQuote after completion of a brief certification course offered by Primerica. The number of submitted policies sourced by Primerica independent sales representatives measures the number of Senior Health policies submitted by e-TeleQuote to its third-party health insurance carriers that originated through the Primerica independent sales force.

The number of Senior Health submitted policies, approved policies, and submitted policies sourced by Primerica independent sales representatives were as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Number of Senior Health submitted policies		16,068		19,826
Number of Senior Health approved policies		15,023		18,413
Submitted policies sourced by Primerica independent sales representatives		2,051		2,073

The Senior Health segment experiences notable seasonality with the strongest demand occurring in the fourth quarter due to the Medicare Annual Election Period (“AEP”) from October 15th to December 7th. We also experience seasonally higher demand in the first quarter due to the Medicare Open Enrollment Period (“OEP”) from January 1st to March 31st, which allows individuals to switch Medicare Advantage plans. Meanwhile, the second and third quarters experience seasonally lower demand as the focus for submitted policies is limited to beneficiaries that are dual eligible (Medicare and Medicaid), qualify for a special enrollment period, recently aged into Medicare or are enrolling off of an employer-sponsored plan, and other less common situations.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the number of submitted and approved policies decreased compared with the three months ended March 31, 2023 primarily due to a decline in the number of e-TeleQuote licensed health insurance agents and the effect of an industry-wide service disruption at a thirty-party service provider that impacted the ability of our licensed health insurance agents to verify certain plan eligibility and levels, which negatively impacted productivity. The number of submitted policies sourced by Primerica independent sales representatives remained relatively consistent during the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Lifetime Value of Commissions and Contract Acquisition Costs

Lifetime value of commissions (“LTV”). LTV represents the cumulative total of commissions and administrative fees estimated to be collected over the expected life of a policy for policies approved during the period. For more information on LTV, refer to Note 19 (Revenue from Contracts with Customers) of our consolidated financial statements within our 2023 Annual Report and the Factors Affecting our Results – Senior Health Segment section of MD&A included elsewhere in this report.

Contract acquisition costs (“CAC”). CAC represents the total direct costs incurred to acquire approved policies. CAC are primarily comprised of the costs associated with generating or acquiring leads, including fees paid to Primerica Senior Health certified independent sales representatives, as well as compensation, licensing, and training costs associated with our team of e-TeleQuote licensed health insurance agents in addition to per policy technology costs. The number of e-TeleQuote licensed health insurance agents, agent tenure, attrition rate and productivity all impact CAC. Other than costs incurred to assist beneficiaries who are switching plans with the same health insurance carrier, we incur the entire cost of approved policies prior to enrollment and prior to receiving our first commission-related payment.

Per policy metrics for LTV and CAC measure our ability to profitably distribute Senior Health insurance products.

The LTV per approved policy, CAC per approved policy, and ratio of LTV to CAC per approved policy were as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
	2024		2023
LTV per approved policy during the period	$	926	$	856
CAC per approved policy during the period	$	901	$	814
LTV/CAC per approved policy		1.03		1.05

LTV per approved policy reflects current estimates for renewal rates, policy retention and chargeback activity taking into consideration the most recent experience through March 31, 2024. LTV per approved policy increased during the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023 primarily due to the inclusion of the majority of marketing development revenue in LTV due to changes in carrier contracts, as well as higher commission rates from annual rate increases. Prior to the fourth quarter of 2023, all marketing development revenue received from carriers was recognized in Other, net revenue. The increases in LTV were partially offset by lower renewal retention rates experienced during the three months ended March 31, 2024 due to an increased number of beneficiaries who changed plans, likely driven by improved plan offerings by certain carriers.

CAC per approved policy increased during the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023 primarily due to the implementation of a third-party plan enrollment provider and additional investments in onboarding and training new agents.

Regulatory Changes.

Fiduciary standards for investment recommendations. In April 2024, the DOL issued a fiduciary rule package that revises the fiduciary definition and amends certain prohibited transaction exemptions relied on by fiduciaries subject to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 for the receipt of compensation. In response to prior rulemakings and guidance, our business already utilizes the DOL’s prohibited transaction exemption established in 2020 for fiduciary recommendations. While its effective date is not until September 2024, we will not make substantial adjustments to our Investment and Savings Products business operations in response to this rule.

Restrictions on compensation models in Canada. In response to regulatory changes in Canada by the Canadian Securities Administrators (“CSA,” the provincial and territorial securities commissions), we developed a set of mutual fund products with two third-party mutual fund companies that are sold exclusively by our independent sales representatives (the “Principal Distributor funds”). The revenue we receive is primarily in the form of asset-based distribution fees from the mutual fund companies and asset-based service fees that are charged to investors. In turn, the primary compensation we offer independent sales representatives is the option of an up-front sales commission or higher asset-based commissions over time. Although we received the requisite approval, the CSA, as they indicated to us at the outset, is closely examining the model, and we expect there will be a public consultation on related sales practices, and may require undertakings or consider future amendments that would require modifications to the model, including with respect to its up-front commission features. At this time, we cannot quantify the financial impact, if any, of future changes to our business that may be necessary if our Principal Distributor funds model is required to be modified or discontinued.

Factors Affecting Our Results

Term Life Insurance Segment. The Term Life Insurance segment results are primarily driven by sales volumes, how closely actual experience matches our pricing assumptions, terms and use of reinsurance, and expenses.

Sales and policies in-force. Sales of term policies and the size and characteristics of our in-force book of policies are vital to our results over the long term. Premium revenue is recognized as it is earned over the term of the policy. However, because we incur significant cash outflows at or about the time policies are issued, including the payment of sales commissions and underwriting costs, changes in life insurance sales volume in a period will have a more immediate impact on our cash flows than on revenue.

Historically, we have found that while sales volume of term life insurance products between fiscal periods may vary based on a variety of factors, the productivity of sales representatives generally remains within a range (i.e., an average monthly rate of new policies issued per life-licensed independent sales representative between 0.20 and 0.24). The volume of term life insurance products sales will fluctuate in the short term, but over the longer term, our sales volume generally correlates to the size of the independent sales force.

Actuarial assumptions. The actuarial assumptions that underlie our reserves are based upon our best estimates of mortality, persistency, and disability. Our results will be affected to the extent there is a variance between our actuarial assumptions and actual experience. These variances will be reflected in our financial results by unlocking assumptions and cash flows underlying the liability for future policy benefits (“LFPB”) and ceded reserves that are part of the reinsurance recoverables. See Note 9 (Future Policy Benefits) for more information on LFPB. The variances are also reflected in the projection of future face amount that is the basis for amortizing deferred policy acquisition costs (“DAC”).

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Persistency. Persistency is a measure of how long our insurance policies stay in-force. As a general matter, persistency that is lower than our actuarial assumptions adversely affects our results over the long term because we lose the recurring

revenue stream associated with the policies that lapse. In general, persistency differences have a minimal impact on our financial results from period to period since DAC is generally amortized on a straight-line basis and the unlocking of the LFPB adjusts both expected net premiums and expected future policy benefits and spreads any variances over the remaining contract period.

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Mortality. Our profitability will fluctuate to the extent actual mortality rates differ from actuarial assumptions. We mitigate a significant portion of our mortality exposure through reinsurance. Long term mortality variances that result in an assumption change may have a significant impact on our financial results.

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Disability. Our profitability will fluctuate to the extent actual disability rates underlying our waiver benefits, including recovery rates for individuals currently disabled, differ from actuarial assumptions. The waiver benefit is secondary to the death benefit coverage provided. However, the waiver benefit is not reinsured on a yearly renewable term (“YRT”) basis and material changes in assumptions compared to expectations can have a disproportionate impact on our financial results.

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Interest Rates. We use a locked-in assumption for future interest rates for reserves underlying our segment results. Policies issued prior to the Transition Date use an interest rate that reflects the portfolio’s current reinvestment rate while policies issued on or after the Transition Date use an upper-medium grade fixed income instrument yield during the period of issue.

Reinsurance. We use reinsurance extensively, which has a significant effect on our results of operations. We have generally reinsured between 80% and 90% of the mortality risk on term life insurance (excluding coverage under certain riders) on a quota share YRT basis. To the extent actual mortality experience is more or less favorable than the contractual rate, the reinsurer will earn incremental profits or bear the incremental cost, as applicable. In contrast to coinsurance, which is intended to eliminate all risks (other than counterparty risk of the reinsurer) and rewards associated with a specified percentage of the block of policies subject to the reinsurance arrangement, the YRT reinsurance arrangements we enter into are intended only to reduce volatility associated with variances between estimated and actual mortality rates.

In 2010, as part of our corporate reorganization and the initial public offering of our common stock, we entered into significant coinsurance transactions (the “IPO coinsurance transactions”) with entities then affiliated with Citigroup, Inc. (collectively, the “IPO coinsurers”) and ceded between 80% and 90% of the risks and rewards of term life insurance policies that were in-force at year-end 2009. We administer all such policies subject to these coinsurance agreements. Policies reaching the end of their initial level term period are no longer ceded under the IPO coinsurance transactions.

The effect of our reinsurance arrangements on ceded premiums and benefits and expenses on our statements of income follows:

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Ceded premiums. Ceded premiums are the premiums we pay to reinsurers. These amounts are deducted from the direct premiums we earn to calculate our net premium revenues. Similar to direct premium revenues, ceded coinsurance premiums remain level over the initial term of the insurance policy. Ceded YRT premiums increase over the period that the policy has been in-force. Accordingly, ceded YRT premiums generally constitute an increasing percentage of direct premiums over the policy term.

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Benefits and claims. Benefits and claims include incurred claim amounts and changes in future policy benefit reserves. Reinsurance reduces incurred claims in direct proportion to the percentage ceded and reinsurance cash flows are reflected in the ceded reserves included in reinsurance recoverables. Changes in ceded reserves offset changes in future policy benefit reserves.

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Insurance expenses. Insurance expenses are reduced by the allowances received from coinsurance. There is no impact on insurance expenses associated with our YRT contracts.

We may alter our reinsurance practices at any time due to the unavailability of YRT reinsurance at attractive rates or the availability of alternatives to reduce our risk exposure. We intend to continue ceding approximately 90% of our U.S. and Canadian mortality risk on new business.

Expenses. Results are also affected by variances in client acquisition, maintenance and administration expense levels.

Investment and Savings Products Segment. The Investment and Savings Products segment results are primarily driven by sales, the value of assets in client accounts for which we earn ongoing management, marketing and support, and distribution fees, and the number of transfer agent recordkeeping positions and non-bank custodial fee-generating accounts we administer.

Sales. We earn commissions and fees, such as dealer re-allowances and marketing and distribution fees, based on sales of mutual fund products and annuities in the United States and sales of certain mutual fund products in Canada. Sales of investment and savings products are influenced by the overall demand for investment products in the United States and Canada, as well as by the size and productivity of the independent sales force. We generally experience seasonality in the Investment and Savings Products segment results due to our high concentration of sales of retirement account products. These accounts are typically funded in February through April, coincident with our clients’ tax return preparation season. While we believe the size of the independent sales force is a factor in driving sales volume in this segment, there are a number of other variables, such as economic and market conditions, which may have a significantly greater effect on sales volume in any given fiscal period.

Asset values in client accounts. We earn marketing and distribution fees (trail commissions or, with respect to U.S. mutual funds, 12b-1 fees) on mutual fund and annuity assets in the United States and Canada. In the United States, we also earn investment advisory and administrative fees on assets in managed investments. In Canada, we earn marketing, distribution, and shareholder services fees on mutual fund assets for which we serve as the principal distributor and management fees on the segregated funds for which we serve as investment manager. Asset values are influenced by new product sales, ongoing contributions to existing accounts, redemptions and the change in market values in existing accounts. While we offer a wide variety of asset classes and investment styles, our clients’ accounts are primarily invested in equity funds. Volatility in equity markets will impact the value of assets in client accounts and, as a result, the revenue we earn on those assets.

Positions. We earn transfer agent recordkeeping fees for administrative functions we perform on behalf of several of our mutual fund providers. An individual client account may include multiple fund positions for which we earn transfer agent recordkeeping fees. We may also receive fees earned for non-bank custodial services that we provide to clients with retirement plan accounts.

Sales mix. While our investment and savings products all provide similar long-term economic returns to the Company, our results in a given fiscal period will be affected by changes in the overall mix of products within these categories. Examples of changes in the sales mix that influence our results include the following:

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sales of annuity products in the United States will generate higher revenues in the period such sales occur than sales of other investment products that either generate lower up-front revenues or, in the case of managed investments and segregated funds, no up-front revenues;

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sales of a higher proportion of managed investments, Canadian mutual funds, and segregated funds products will spread the revenues generated over time because we earn higher revenues based on assets under management for these accounts each period as opposed to earning up-front revenues based on product sales; and

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sales of a higher proportion of mutual fund products sold in the United States will impact the timing and amount of revenue we earn given the distinct transfer agent recordkeeping and non-bank custodial services we provide for certain mutual fund products we distribute.

Senior Health Segment. The Senior Health segment results are primarily driven by the number of approved policies, LTV per approved policy and tail revenue adjustments, CAC per approved policy, and other revenue.

Approved policies. Approved policies represent an estimate of submitted policies approved by the health insurance carriers for the identified product during the indicated period. Not all approved policies will go in force. In general, the relationship between the number of submitted policies and approved policies has been seasonally consistent. Therefore, factors impacting the number of submitted policies generally impact the number of approved policies. Revenue is primarily generated from approved policies and LTVs are recorded when the enrollment is approved by the applicable health insurance carrier. Medicare Advantage plans make up nearly all of the approved policies we distribute. The number of approved policies is influenced by the following:

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the number and tenure of our licensed health insurance agents;

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our ability to hire and train our team of e-TeleQuote licensed health insurance agents to manage leads and help eligible Medicare beneficiaries through the enrollment process;

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our ability to generate and obtain leads for our team of e-TeleQuote licensed health insurance agents;

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the size and growth of the population of senior citizens in the United States;

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the appeal of government-funded Medicare Advantage plans that provide privately administered healthcare coverage with enhanced benefits relative to traditional Medicare;

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our health insurance carrier relationships that allow us to offer plans that most appropriately meet eligible Medicare beneficiaries’ needs; and

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our ability to compete with national direct to consumer brokers, health insurance carriers that directly market to beneficiaries and other independent brokers.

LTV per approved policy and tail revenue adjustments. When a policy is approved by the health insurance carrier, commission revenue is recognized based on an estimated LTV per approved policy. LTV per approved policy is the cumulative total of commissions (including administrative and marketing development payments received on a per approved policy basis) estimated to be collected over the expected life of a policy, subject to constraints applied in accordance with our revenue recognition policy. Specifically, LTV per approved policy is equal to the sum of the initial commissions and payments, less an estimate of chargebacks for paid policies that are disenrolled during the first policy year, plus forecasted renewal commissions. This estimate is driven by several factors including, but not limited to, commission rates from health insurance carriers, expected policy turnover, emerging chargeback activity and applied constraints. These factors may result in varying values from period to period.

We recognize adjustments to revenue outside of LTV for approved policies from prior periods when our cash collections are, or are expected to be, different from the estimated constrained LTVs, which we refer to as tail revenue adjustments. The recognition of tail revenue adjustments results from a change in the estimate of expected cash collections when actual cash collections or communicated

rate increases have indicated a trend that is different from the estimated constrained LTV. Tail revenue adjustments can be positive or negative and we recognize positive adjustments to revenue when we do not believe it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue will occur.

CAC per approved policy. Results are also driven by the costs of acquisition, which is defined as the total direct costs incurred per approved policy. Our costs of acquisition are primarily comprised of the cost to generate and acquire leads, including fees paid to Primerica Senior Health certified independent sales representatives, and the labor, benefits, bonus compensation, licensing and training costs associated with our team of e-TeleQuote licensed health insurance agents. Other than costs incurred to assist beneficiaries with switching plans within the same carrier, we incur our entire cost of approved policies prior to enrollment and prior to receiving our first commission related payment. Factors that impact our costs of acquisition per approved policy include:

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the market price of externally-generated leads;

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our ability to efficiently procure internally-generated leads; and

•

the productivity of our e-TeleQuote licensed health insurance agents in converting procured leads into approved policies.

Other revenue. Other revenue recognized in the Senior Health segment includes other revenue received for providing marketing services and health risk assessment services to certain health insurance carriers. Marketing development revenue is based on agreed-upon objectives with certain health insurance carriers. Marketing development revenue serves to offset contract acquisition costs associated with the distribution of approved policies. Agreements for marketing development revenue are generally short-term in nature and can vary from period to period. Marketing development payments received on a per approved policy basis are recognized in commissions and fees revenue. Health risk assessment services generate revenue from health insurance carriers by collecting information from beneficiaries during the sales process.

Corporate and Other Distributed Products Segment. We earn revenues and pay commissions and referral fees within the Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment for mortgage loan originations, prepaid legal services, auto and homeowners’ insurance referrals, and other financial products, all of which are originated by third parties. The Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment also includes in-force policies from several discontinued lines of insurance underwritten by NBLIC.

The Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment includes net investment income recognized by the Company. Net investment income is impacted by the size and performance of our invested asset portfolio, which can be influenced by interest rates, credit spreads, and the mix of invested assets. Net investment income also is influenced by short-term interest rates and the amount of cash and cash equivalents on hand.

The Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment also includes corporate income and expenses not allocated to our other segments, general and administrative expenses (other than expenses that are allocated to the Term Life Insurance, Investment and Savings Products, or Senior Health segments), interest expense on notes payable, a redundant reserve financing transaction and our revolving credit facility (“Revolving Credit Facility”), as well as realized gains and losses on our invested asset portfolio.

Capital Structure. Our financial results are affected by our capital structure, which includes our senior unsecured notes (the “Senior Notes”), a redundant reserve financing transaction, our Revolving Credit Facility, and our common stock. See Note 10 (Stockholders’ Equity), Note 13 (Commitments and Contingent Liabilities), and Note 15 (Debt) to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for more information on changes in our capital structure.

Foreign Currency. The Canadian dollar is the functional currency for our Canadian subsidiaries and our consolidated financial results, reported in U.S. dollars, are affected by changes in the currency exchange rate. As such, the translated amount of revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities attributable to our Canadian subsidiaries will be higher or lower in periods where the Canadian dollar appreciates or weakens relative to the U.S. dollar, respectively. See Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk – Canadian Currency Risk included in our 2023 Annual Report and Note 2 (Segment and Geographical Information) to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for more information on our Canadian subsidiaries and the impact of foreign currency on our financial results.

Critical Accounting Estimates

We prepare our financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). These principles are established primarily by the Financial Accounting Standards Board. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions based on currently available information when recording transactions resulting from business operations. Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 (Description of Business, Basis of Presentation, and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) to our consolidated financial statements included in our 2023 Annual Report. The most significant items on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets are based on fair value determinations, accounting estimates and actuarial determinations, which are susceptible to changes in future periods and could affect our results of operations and financial position.

The estimates that we deem to be most critical to an understanding of our results of operations and financial position are those related to DAC, future policy benefit reserves and corresponding amounts recoverable from reinsurers, income taxes, renewal commissions receivable, goodwill and the valuation of investments. The preparation and evaluation of these critical accounting estimates involve the use of various assumptions developed from management’s analyses and judgments. Subsequent experience or use of other assumptions could produce significantly different results.

Accounting Policy Changes.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, there were no changes in accounting methodology for items that we have identified as critical accounting estimates. For additional information regarding our critical accounting estimates, see the Critical Accounting Estimates section of MD&A included in our 2023 Annual Report.

Results of Operations

Primerica, Inc. and Subsidiaries Results. Our results of operations were as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,						Change
	2024			2023			$			%
	(Dollars in thousands)
Revenues:
Direct premiums	$	841,047		$	817,872		$	23,175			3	%
Ceded premiums		(409,764	)		(405,347	)		4,417			1	%
Net premiums		431,283			412,525			18,758			5	%
Commissions and fees		255,021			231,547			23,474			10	%
Investment income net of investment expenses		53,591			47,500			6,091			13	%
Interest expense on surplus note		(15,785	)		(16,435	)		(650	)		(4	)%
Net investment income		37,806			31,065			6,741			22	%
Realized investment gains (losses)		7			(985	)		992		*
Other investment gains (losses)		1,298			(3,623	)		4,921		*
Investment gains (losses)		1,305			(4,608	)		5,913		*
Other, net		17,415			19,507			(2,092	)		(11	)%
Total revenues		742,830			690,036			52,794			8	%

Benefits and expenses:
Benefits and claims		166,321			163,265			3,056			2	%
Future policy benefits remeasurement (gain) loss		55			559			(504	)	*
Amortization of DAC		72,049			67,923			4,126			6	%
Sales commissions		131,138			110,874			20,264			18	%
Insurance expenses		63,149			61,125			2,024			3	%
Insurance commissions		9,634			8,138			1,496			18	%
Contract acquisition costs		13,533			14,984			(1,451	)		(10	)%
Interest expense		6,771			6,690			81			1	%
Other operating expenses		100,944			89,536			11,408			13	%
Total benefits and expenses		563,594			523,094			40,500			8	%
Income before income taxes		179,236			166,942			12,294			7	%
Income taxes		41,332			38,843			2,489			6	%
Net income	$	137,904		$	128,099		$	9,805			8	%

* Less than 1% or not meaningful.

Results for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024

Total revenues. Total revenues increased during the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023 due to increases in net premiums earned in our Term Life Insurance segment, commissions and fees earned in our Investment and Savings Products segment, and net investment income and investment gains earned in our Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment. These movements are further discussed in detail in the Segment Results sections below.

Total benefits and expenses. Total benefits and expenses increased during the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023 largely due to higher sales commissions in our Investment and Savings Products segment as well as an increase in other operating expenses. Also contributing to the year-over-year increase are higher benefits and claims and DAC amortization in our Term Life Insurance segment. These movements are discussed in further detail in the Segment Results section below.

Income taxes. Our effective income tax rate of 23.1% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was relatively consistent with the effective income tax rate of 23.3% for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

For additional information, see the Segment Results discussions below.

Segment Results

Term Life Insurance Segment. Our results for the Term Life Insurance segment were as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,						Change
	2024			2023			$			%
	(Dollars in thousands)
Revenues:
Direct premiums	$	836,322		$	812,880		$	23,442			3	%
Ceded premiums		(408,559	)		(404,044	)		4,515			1	%
Net premiums		427,763			408,836			18,927			5	%
Other, net		12,649			12,233			416			3	%
Total revenues		440,412			421,069			19,343			5	%
Benefits and expenses:
Benefits and claims		163,847			158,938			4,909			3	%
Future policy benefits remeasurement (gain) loss		(319	)		1,036			(1,355	)	*
Amortization of DAC		70,491			66,068			4,423			7	%
Insurance expenses		61,979			59,896			2,083			3	%
Insurance commissions		6,047			4,590			1,457			32	%
Total benefits and expenses		302,045			290,528			11,517			4	%
Income before income taxes	$	138,367		$	130,541		$	7,826			6	%

* Less than 1% or not meaningful.

Results for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024

Net premiums. Direct premiums increased during the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023 largely due to the layering effect of new policy sales that contributed to growth in the in-force book of business. This increase was partially offset by an increase in ceded premiums, which includes $11.9 million in higher non-level YRT reinsurance ceded premiums as business not subject to the IPO coinsurance transactions ages, reduced by $7.4 million in lower coinsurance ceded premiums due to the run-off of business subject to the IPO coinsurance transactions.

Benefits and claims. Benefits and claims increased during the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023. Direct benefits and claims increased with the growth in the business. Year-over-year claims incurred during the three month period in 2024 were higher compared to the three month period in 2023 and in line with the growth in the in-force book of business.

Future policy benefits remeasurement (gain) loss. Future policy benefits remeasurement was a gain during the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to a loss during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and represents differences in experience variances that occurred in each respective period. No significant adjustments have been made in either period.

Amortization of DAC. The amortization of DAC increased during the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023 primarily due to continued growth in the in-force book of business.

Insurance expenses. Insurance expenses increased during the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023 due to higher growth-related and employee-related costs. These increases were partially offset by lower technology costs for the segment as the 2023 period included technology spending associated with the launch of our new term life insurance products.

Insurance commissions. Insurance commissions increased during the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023 primarily due to higher spending on non-deferrable sales force promotional activities.

Investment and Savings Products Segment. Investment and Savings Products segment results were as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,				Change
	2024		2023		$			%
	(Dollars in thousands)
Revenues:
Commissions and fees:
Sales-based revenues	$	88,746	$	72,388	$	16,358			23	%
Asset-based revenues		128,532		111,904		16,628			15	%
Account-based revenues		23,180		22,790		390			2	%
Other, net		3,258		3,120		138			4	%
Total revenues		243,716		210,202		33,514			16	%
Expenses:
Amortization of DAC		1,201		1,493		(292	)		(20	)%
Insurance commissions		3,400		3,308		92			3	%
Sales commissions:
Sales-based		62,814		52,452		10,362			20	%
Asset-based		64,208		54,276		9,932			18	%
Other operating expenses		46,531		42,567		3,964			9	%
Total expenses		178,154		154,096		24,058			16	%
Income before income taxes	$	65,562	$	56,106	$	9,456			17	%

Results for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024

Commissions and fees. Commissions and fees increased during the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023 driven by higher sales-based and asset-based revenues. The increase in sales-based revenue was largely the result of higher product sales for variable annuities and U.S. mutual fund product sales. Higher asset-based revenues were driven by an increase in average client assets in the 2024 period versus the prior year period.

Sales commissions. The increase in sales-based commissions for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023 was generally in line with the increases in sales-based revenues although modestly lower due to a mix shift towards higher margin variable annuity sales. Asset-based commissions were up for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and were consistent with the movement in asset-based revenues when excluding Canadian segregated funds revenue. Asset-based expenses for our Canadian segregated funds are reflected within insurance commissions and amortization of DAC.

Other operating expenses. Other operating expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2024 increased compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023 primarily due to higher growth-related and employee-related costs.

Senior Health Segment. Senior Health segment results were as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,						Change
	2024			2023			$			%
	(Dollars in thousands)
Revenues:
Commissions and fees (1)	$	6,077		$	15,755		$	(9,678	)		(61	)%
Other, net		803			2,955			(2,152	)		(73	)%
Total revenues		6,880			18,710			(11,830	)		(63	)%

Benefits and expenses:
Contract acquisition costs		13,533			14,984			(1,451	)		(10	)%
Other operating expenses		7,500			7,488			12		*
Total benefits and expenses		21,033			22,472			(1,439	)		(6	)%
Loss before income taxes	$	(14,153	)	$	(3,762	)	$	10,391			276	%

(1)

Includes a negative tail revenue adjustment of $7.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. There was no tail revenue adjustment for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

* Less than 1% or not meaningful.

Results for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024

Commissions and fees. Commissions and fees decreased during the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023 primarily due to a $7.8 million negative tail adjustment during the three months ended March 31, 2024 resulting from lower than expected renewals attributable to policy churn at certain health insurance carriers. There was no tail revenue adjustment during the three months ended March 31, 2023. Additionally, approved policy sales volumes were lower in the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023, which also contributed to the reduction in

commissions and fees revenue. These decreases were partially offset by higher LTVs per approved policy compared to the prior year period. LTVs per approved policy included most marketing development revenue in 2024 while LTVs in 2023 did not include marketing development revenue based on changes made to contracts with carriers.

Other, net. Other, net decreased during the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023 primarily due to the change in presentation of approximately $3 million in marketing development revenues in the current period that are now earned on a per policy basis and presented in commissions and fees revenue as part of LTV instead of in Other, net revenue.

Contract acquisition costs. Total CAC decreased during the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023 primarily due to lower approved policy sales volumes partially offset by higher per unit CAC as described earlier in the Business Trends and Conditions section.

Other operating expenses. Other operating expenses did not change significantly during the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Corporate and Other Distributed Products Segment. Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment results were as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,						Change
	2024			2023			$			%
	(Dollars in thousands)
Revenues:
Direct premiums	$	4,725		$	4,992		$	(267	)		(5	)%
Ceded premiums		(1,205	)		(1,303	)		(98	)		(8	)%
Net premiums		3,520			3,689			(169	)		(5	)%
Commissions and fees		8,486			8,710			(224	)		(3	)%
Investment income net of investment expenses		53,591			47,500			6,091			13	%
Interest expense on surplus note		(15,785	)		(16,435	)		(650	)		(4	)%
Net investment income		37,806			31,065			6,741			22	%
Realized investment gains (losses)		7			(985	)		992		*
Other investment gains (losses)		1,298			(3,623	)		4,921		*
Investment gains (losses)		1,305			(4,608	)		5,913		*
Other, net		705			1,199			(494	)		(41	)%
Total revenues		51,822			40,055			11,767			29	%
Benefits and expenses:
Benefits and claims		2,474			4,327			(1,853	)		(43	)%
Future policy benefits remeasurement (gain) loss		374			(477	)		851		*
Amortization of DAC		357			362			(5	)	*
Insurance expenses		1,170			1,229			(59	)		(5	)%
Insurance commissions		187			240			(53	)		(22	)%
Sales commissions		4,116			4,146			(30	)	*
Interest expense		6,771			6,690			81			1	%
Other operating expenses		46,913			39,481			7,432			19	%
Total benefits and expenses		62,362			55,998			6,364			11	%
Income (loss) before income taxes	$	(10,540	)	$	(15,943	)	$	(5,403	)		(34	)%

* Less than 1% or not meaningful.

Results for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024

Total revenues. Total revenues increased during the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023 primarily due to higher net investment income and investment gains. Net investment income increased $3.7 million from higher yields in the invested asset portfolio, $2.0 million from a larger invested asset portfolio, and a $0.1 million higher total return on the deposit asset backing our 10% coinsurance agreement compared to the same period in the prior year. Investment income net of investment expenses includes interest earned on our held-to-maturity asset, which is offset by interest expense on the surplus note (“Surplus Note”), thereby eliminating any impact on net investment income. Amounts recognized for each line item will remain offsetting and will fluctuate from period to period along with the principal amounts of the held-to-maturity asset and the Surplus Note based on the balance of reserves being contractually supported under a redundant reserve financing transaction used by Vidalia Re, Inc. (“Vidalia Re”). For more information on the Surplus Note, see Note 3 (Investments) and Note 15 (Debt) to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Investment gains increased during the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to investment losses during the three months ended March 31, 2023 primarily due to a $1.3 million positive mark-to-market adjustment on equity securities held within our investment portfolio during the 2024 period compared to a $1.5 million negative mark-to-market adjustment during the 2023 period. In addition, there was a $2.2 million credit loss recognized for debt securities associated with a specific issuer that we had designated as intending to sell during the 2023 period.

Total benefits and expenses. Total benefits and expenses increased during the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023 due to higher infrastructure technology costs and employee-related costs. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in benefits and claims as a result of better year-over-year claims experience in our closed blocks of non-term life insurance.

Financial Condition

Investments. Our insurance business is primarily focused on selling term life insurance, which does not include an investment component for the policyholder. The invested asset portfolio funded by premiums from our term life insurance business does not involve the substantial asset accumulations and spread requirements that exist with other non-term life insurance products. As a result, the profitability of our term life insurance business is not as sensitive to the impact that interest rates have on our invested asset portfolio and investment income as the profitability of other companies that distribute non-term life insurance products.

We follow a conservative investment strategy designed to emphasize the preservation of our invested assets and provide adequate liquidity for the prompt payment of claims. To meet business needs and mitigate risks, our investment guidelines provide restrictions on our portfolio’s composition, including limits on asset type, per issuer limits, credit quality limits, portfolio duration, limits on the amount of investments in approved countries and permissible security types. We also manage and monitor our allocation of investments to limit the accumulation of any disproportionate concentrations of risk among industry sectors or issuer countries outside of the U.S. and Canada. In addition, as of March 31, 2024, we did not hold any country of issuer concentrations outside of the U.S. or Canada that represented more than 5% of the fair value of our available-for-sale invested asset portfolio or any industry concentrations of corporate bonds that represented more than 10% of the fair value of our available-for-sale invested asset portfolio.

We invest a portion of our portfolio in assets denominated in Canadian dollars to support our Canadian operations. Additionally, to ensure adequate liquidity for payment of claims, we take into account the maturity and duration of our invested asset portfolio and our general liability profile.

We also hold within our invested asset portfolio a credit enhanced note (“LLC Note”) issued by a limited liability company owned by a third-party service provider which is classified as a held-to-maturity security. The LLC Note, which is scheduled to mature on December 31, 2030, was obtained in exchange for the Surplus Note of equal principal amount issued by Vidalia Re, a special purpose financial captive insurance company and wholly owned subsidiary of Primerica Life. For more information on the LLC Note, see Note 3 (Investments) to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

We have an investment committee composed of members of our senior management team that is responsible for establishing and maintaining our investment guidelines and supervising our investment activity. Our investment committee regularly monitors our overall investment results and our compliance with our investment objectives and guidelines. We use a third-party investment advisor to assist us in the management of our investing activities. Our investment advisor reports to our investment committee.

Our invested asset portfolio is subject to a variety of risks, including risks related to general economic conditions, market volatility, interest rate fluctuations, liquidity risk and credit and default risk. Investment guideline restrictions have been established to minimize the effect of these risks but may not always be effective due to factors beyond our control. Interest rates and credit spreads are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary policies, domestic and international economic and political conditions and other factors beyond our control. A significant increase in interest rates or credit spreads could result in significant losses in the value of our invested asset portfolio. We believe that fluctuations caused by movement in interest rates and credit spreads generally have little bearing on the recoverability of our investments as we have the ability to hold these investments until maturity or a market price recovery and we have no present intention to dispose of them.

Details on asset mix (excluding our held-to-maturity security) were as follows:


	March 31, 2024	December 31, 2023
Average rating of our fixed-maturity portfolio	A	A
Average duration of our fixed-maturity portfolio	4.7 years	4.7 years
Average book yield of our fixed-maturity portfolio	3.93%	3.83%

The distribution of fixed-maturity securities in our investment portfolio (excluding our held-to-maturity security) by rating, including those classified as trading securities, were as follows:


	March 31, 2024					December 31, 2023
	Amortized cost (1)		%			Amortized cost (1)		%
	(Dollars in thousands)
AAA	$	570,438		19	%	$	556,936		19	%
AA		447,746		15	%		439,814		15	%
A		727,678		24	%		735,647		25	%
BBB		1,220,606		40	%		1,162,279		39	%
Below investment grade		49,157		2	%		58,221		2	%
Not rated		363	*				698	*
Total	$	3,015,988		100	%	$	2,953,595		100	%

(1)

Includes trading securities at carrying value and available-for-sale securities (excluding short-term investments) at amortized cost.

* Less than 1%.

The ten largest holdings within our fixed-maturity securities invested asset portfolio (excluding our held-to-maturity security and short-term investments) were as follows:


	March 31, 2024
Issuer	Fair value			Amortized cost (1)			Unrealized gain (loss)			Credit rating
	(Dollars in thousands)
Government of Canada	$	19,014		$	19,935		$	(921	)	AAA
Province of Ontario Canada		15,555			16,070			(515	)	A+
Province of Alberta Canada		14,705			15,803			(1,098	)	AA-
Province of Quebec Canada		14,653			15,245			(592	)	AA-
ONEOK Inc.		14,080			14,378			(298	)	BBB
Realty Income Corp		14,078			15,046			(968	)	A-
Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan		12,904			14,340			(1,436	)	AA+
Boeing Co		11,753			11,837			(84	)	BBB-
Manulife Financial Corp		10,906			11,614			(708	)	A
Berkshire Hathaway Inc.		10,658			10,659			(1	)	AA
Total – ten largest holdings	$	138,306		$	144,927		$	(6,621	)
Total – fixed-maturity securities	$	2,785,393		$	3,015,988
Percent of total fixed-maturity securities		5	%		5	%

(1)

Includes trading securities at carrying value and available-for-sale securities at amortized cost.

For additional information on our invested asset portfolio, see Note 3 (Investments) to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Dividends and other payments to the Parent Company from its subsidiaries are our principal sources of cash. The amount of dividends paid by the subsidiaries is dependent on their capital needs to fund future growth and applicable regulatory restrictions. The primary uses of funds by the Parent Company include the payments of stockholder dividends, interest on notes payable, general operating expenses, and income taxes, as well as repurchases of shares of our common stock outstanding. As of March 31, 2024, the Parent Company had cash and invested assets of $281.1 million.

The Parent Company’s subsidiaries generate operating cash flows primarily from term life insurance premiums (net of premiums ceded to reinsurers), income from invested assets, commissions and fees collected from the distribution of investment and savings products, Medicare-related insurance plans as well as other financial products. The subsidiaries’ principal operating cash outflows include the payment of insurance claims and benefits (net of ceded claims recovered from reinsurers), commissions to the sales force, contract acquisition costs, insurance and other operating expenses, interest expense for future policy benefit reserves financing transactions, and income taxes.

The distribution and underwriting of term life insurance requires up-front cash outlays at the time the policy is issued as we pay a substantial majority of the sales commission during the first year following the sale of a policy and incur costs for underwriting activities at the inception of a policy’s term. During the early years of a policy’s term, we generally receive level term premiums in excess of claims paid. We invest the excess cash generated during earlier policy years in fixed-maturity and equity securities held in support of future policy benefit reserves. In later policy years, cash received from the maturity or sale of invested assets is used to pay claims in excess of level term premiums received.

e-TeleQuote is a senior health insurance distributor of Medicare-related insurance plans. e-TeleQuote collects cash receipts over a number of years after selling a plan, while the cash outflow for commission expense and other acquisition costs to sell the plans are generally recognized at the time of enrollment. Therefore, in periods of growth, net cash flows at e-TeleQuote are expected to be negative, which may require the Parent Company to provide working capital to e-TeleQuote. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, e-TeleQuote generated sufficient cash from operations to fund its operating needs.

Historically, cash flows generated by our businesses, primarily from our existing block of term life insurance policies and our investment and savings products, have provided us with sufficient liquidity to meet our operating requirements. We anticipate that cash flows from our businesses will continue to provide sufficient operating liquidity over the next 12 months.

If necessary, we could seek to enhance our liquidity position or capital structure through sales of our available-for-sale investment portfolio, changes in the timing or amount of share repurchases, borrowings against our Revolving Credit Facility, or some combination of these sources. Additionally, we believe that cash flows from our businesses and potential sources of funding will sufficiently support our long-term liquidity needs.

Cash Flows. The components of the changes in cash and cash equivalents were as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,						Change
	2024			2023			$
	(In thousands)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	$	210,898		$	175,946		$	34,952
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		(86,288	)		(31,186	)		(55,102	)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		(142,890	)		(118,992	)		(23,898	)
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash		(1,469	)		82			(1,551	)
Change in cash and cash equivalents	$	(19,749	)	$	25,850		$	(45,599	)

Operating Activities. The increase in cash provided by operating activities during the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023 was primarily driven by timing differences of purchases and maturities of trading securities. The impact of differences in the timing of claims payments, income tax remittances, and payments for other expenses during each period largely offset the year-over-year change in cash flows from operating activities between 2024 and 2023.

Investing Activities. Cash used in investing activities increased during the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023 primarily due to fluctuations in the timing of maturities and reinvestments of debt securities held in our available-for-sale investment portfolio. In both periods, cash provided by operating activities was used to fund investment purchases that increased the size of our invested asset portfolio.

Financing Activities. Cash flows used in financing activities increased during the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023. Contributing to the increase in cash flows used in financing activities was the increase in the size of the share repurchase program in 2024 as well as differences in the timing of share repurchases during each period

Risk-Based Capital (“RBC”). The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) has established RBC standards for U.S. life insurers, as well as a risk-based capital model act (the “RBC Model Act”) that has been adopted by the insurance regulatory authorities. The RBC Model Act requires that life insurers annually submit a report to state regulators regarding their RBC based upon four categories of risk: asset risk; insurance risk; interest rate risk and business risk. The capital requirement for each is determined by applying factors that vary based upon the degree of risk to various asset, premiums and policy benefit reserve items. The formula is an early warning tool to identify possible weakly capitalized companies for purposes of initiating further regulatory action. As of March 31, 2024, our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries maintained statutory capital and surplus substantially in excess of the applicable regulatory requirements and remain well positioned to support existing operations and fund future growth.

In Canada, an insurer’s minimum capital requirement is overseen by the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (“OSFI”) and determined as the sum of the capital requirements for six categories of risk: asset default risk; mortality/morbidity/lapse/expense risks; changes in interest rate environment risk; operational risk; segregated funds risk; and foreign exchange risk. As of March 31, 2024, Primerica Life Canada was in compliance with Canada's minimum capital requirements as defined by OSFI.

Redundant Reserve Financing. The Model Regulation entitled Valuation of Life Insurance Policies, commonly known as Regulation XXX, requires insurers to carry statutory policy benefit reserves for term life insurance policies with long-term premium guarantees which are often significantly in excess of the future policy benefit reserves that insurers deem necessary to satisfy claim obligations (“redundant policy benefit reserves”). Accordingly, many insurance companies have sought ways to reduce their capital needs by financing redundant policy benefit reserves through bank financing, reinsurance arrangements and other financing transactions.

We have established Vidalia Re as special purpose financial captive insurance company and wholly owned subsidiary of Primerica Life. Primerica Life has ceded certain term life insurance policies issued in 2011 through 2017 to Vidalia Re as part of a Regulation XXX redundant reserve financing transaction (the “Vidalia Re Redundant Reserve Financing Transaction”). This redundant reserve financing transaction allows us to more efficiently manage and deploy our capital.

The NAIC has adopted a model regulation for determining reserves using a principle-based approach (“principle-based reserves” or “PBR”), which is designed to reflect each insurer’s own experience in calculating reserves and move away from a single prescriptive reserving formula. Primerica Life adopted PBR as of January 1, 2018 and NBLIC adopted the New York amended version of PBR effective January 1, 2021. PBR significantly reduced the redundant statutory policy benefit reserve requirements while still ensuring

adequate liabilities are held. The regulation only applies for business issued after the effective dates. See Note 4 (Investments), Note 11 (Debt) and Note 17 (Commitments and Contingent Liabilities) to our consolidated financial statements within our 2023 Annual Report for more information on the Vidalia Re Redundant Reserve Financing Transaction.

Notes Payable. The Company has $600.0 million of publicly-traded Senior Notes outstanding issued at a price of 99.55% with an annual interest rate of 2.80%, payable semi-annually in arrears on May 19 and November 19. The Senior Notes are scheduled to mature on November 19, 2031. We were in compliance with the covenants of the Senior Notes as of March 31, 2024. No events of default occurred during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Rating Agencies. There have been no changes to Primerica, Inc.’s Senior Notes ratings or Primerica Life’s financial strength ratings since December 31, 2023.

Surplus Note. Vidalia Re issued a Surplus Note in exchange for the LLC Note as a part of the Vidalia Re Redundant Reserve Financing Transaction. The Surplus Note has a principal amount equal to the LLC Note and is scheduled to mature on December 31, 2030. For more information on the Surplus Note, see Note 15 (Debt) to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements. We have no transactions, agreements or other contractual arrangements to which an entity unconsolidated with the Company is a party, under which the Company maintains any off-balance sheet obligations or guarantees as of March 31, 2024.

Credit Facility Agreement. We maintain an unsecured $200.0 million Revolving Credit Facility with a syndicate of commercial banks that has a scheduled termination date of June 22, 2026. Amounts outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at a periodic rate equal to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) rate loan or the base rate, plus in either case an applicable margin. The Revolving Credit Facility contains language that allows for the Company and the lenders to agree on a comparable or successor reference rate in the event SOFR is no longer available. The Revolving Credit Facility also permits the issuance of letters of credit. The applicable margins are based on our debt rating with such margins for SOFR rate loans and letters of credit ranging from 1.000% to 1.625% per annum and for base rate loans ranging from 0.000% to 0.625% per annum. Under the Revolving Credit Facility, we incur a commitment fee that is payable quarterly in arrears and is determined by our debt rating. This commitment fee ranges from 0.100% to 0.225% per annum of the aggregate $200.0 million commitment of the lenders under the Revolving Credit Facility. As of March 31, 2024, no amounts were outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility and we were in compliance with its covenants. Furthermore, no events of default occurred under the Revolving Credit Facility during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Contractual Obligations Update. There have been no material changes in contractual obligations from those disclosed in the 2023 Annual Report.

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT CONCERNING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Investors are cautioned that certain statements contained in this report as well as some statements in periodic press releases and some oral statements made by our officials during our presentations are “forward-looking” statements. Forward-looking statements include, without limitation, any statement that may project, indicate or imply future results, events, performance or achievements, and may contain the words “expect”, “intend”, “plan”, “anticipate”, “estimate”, “believe”, “will be”, “will continue”, “will likely result”, and similar expressions, or future conditional verbs such as “may”, “will”, “should”, “would”, and “could”. In addition, any statement concerning future financial performance (including future revenues, earnings or growth rates), ongoing business strategies or prospects, and possible actions taken by us or our subsidiaries are also forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements involve external risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, those described under the section entitled “Risk Factors” included herein.

Forward-looking statements are based on current expectations and projections about future events and are inherently subject to a variety of risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond the control of our management team. All forward-looking statements in this report and subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us, or to persons acting on our behalf, are expressly qualified in their entirety by these risks and uncertainties. These risks and uncertainties include, among others:

Risks Related to Our Distribution Structure

•

Our failure to continue to attract new recruits, retain independent sales representatives or license or maintain the licensing of independent sales representatives would materially adversely affect our business.

•

Certain laws and regulations could apply to our independent contractor distribution model, which could require us to modify our distribution structure.

•

There may be adverse consequences if the classification of our independent contractor sales representatives is changed.

•

Violation of, or non-compliance with, laws and regulations and related claims and proceedings could expose us to material liabilities.

Risks Related to Our Insurance Business and Reinsurance

•

Our life insurance business may face significant losses or volatility if our actual experience differs from our expectations regarding mortality, persistency, disability or reinsurance.

•

Our life insurance business is highly regulated, and statutory and regulatory changes may materially adversely affect our business.

•

A decline in the regulatory capital ratios of our insurance subsidiaries could result in increased scrutiny by insurance regulators and ratings agencies and have a material adverse effect on our business.

•

A significant ratings downgrade by a ratings organization could materially adversely affect our business.

•

The failure by any of our reinsurers or reserve financing counterparties to perform its obligations to us could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Risks Related to Our Investment and Savings Products Business

•

Our Investment and Savings Products segment is heavily dependent on a limited platform of mutual fund and annuity products offered by a relatively small number of companies and managers. If these products fail to remain competitive with other investment options, our business could be materially adversely affected.

•

If our relationship with one or more of our funds, annuities or managers is significantly altered or terminated or there is a shift in
the business mix, our business could be materially adversely affected.

•

Violations of, or non-compliance with, laws and regulations of the securities business could expose us to material liabilities.

•

If heightened standards of conduct or more stringent licensing requirements (such as those adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission) and the Department of Labor, state legislatures or regulators or Canadian securities and insurance regulators, are imposed on us or the independent sales representatives, or selling compensation is reduced as a result of new legislation or regulations, it could have a material adverse effect on our business.

•

If our suitability policies and procedures, or our policies and procedures for compliance with federal, state or provincial regulations governing standards of care, were deemed inadequate, it could have a material adverse effect on our business.

•

Non-compliance with applicable regulations could lead to revocation of our subsidiary's status as a non-bank custodian, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Risks Related to e-TeleQuote’s Senior Health Insurance Distribution Business

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We may not be able to execute an effective senior health insurance business strategy, which could adversely affect our business.

•

e-TeleQuote is highly regulated and subject to compliance requirements of the U.S. government’s Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (“CMS”) and those of its carrier partners. Non-compliance with, or violations of, such requirements may harm its business, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

•

e-TeleQuote generates leads that are internally sourced from marketing initiatives and receives referrals from Primerica
independent sales representatives. It also receives leads externally acquired from third-party vendors. e-TeleQuote’s business may
be harmed if it cannot continue to acquire or generate leads on commercially viable terms, if it is unable to convert leads to sales

at acceptable rates, if Primerica independent sales representatives do not introduce consumers to e-TeleQuote, or if policyholder
retention is lower than assumed, any of which could adversely impact our business.

•

If e-TeleQuote’s ability to enroll individuals during the Medicare annual election period is impeded, its business may be harmed,
which could adversely impact our business.

•

e-TeleQuote’s business is dependent on key carrier partners. The loss of a key carrier partner, or the modification of commission
rates or underwriting practices with a key carrier partner, could harm its business which could adversely impact our business.

Risks Related to Our Mortgage Distribution Business

•

Licensing requirements will impact the size of the mortgage loan sales force, which could adversely affect our mortgage
distribution business.

•

Our mortgage distribution business is highly regulated and subject to various laws and regulations in the U.S. and Canada. Changes in, non-compliance with, or violations of, such laws and regulations could affect the cost or our ability to distribute our products and could adversely affect our business.

•

In the U.S., we distribute mortgage loans based on contractual agreements with a very limited number of mortgage lenders. A
significant change to or disruption in the mortgage lenders’ mortgage businesses or an inability of the mortgage lenders to satisfy
their contractual obligations to us could adversely affect our business.

Risks Related to Economic Downcycles, Public Health Crises or Catastrophes, and Disasters

•

The effects of economic downcycles, issues affecting the national and/or global economy or global geopolitical event(s) could materially adversely affect our business.

•

Major public health pandemics, epidemics or outbreaks (such as the COVID-19 pandemic) or other catastrophic events, have
impacted and could again materially adversely impact our business.

•

In the event of a disaster, our business continuity plan may not be sufficient, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Risks Related to Information Technology and Cybersecurity

•

If one of our, or a third-party partner’s, significant information technology systems fails, if its security is compromised, or if the Internet becomes disabled or unavailable, our business may be materially adversely affected.

•

Any failure to protect the confidentiality of client information could adversely affect our reputation and have a material adverse
effect on our business.

•

The current legislative and regulatory climate with regard to privacy and cybersecurity could adversely affect our business.

•

e-TeleQuote’s security measures, which are designed to protect against breaches of security and other interference with its systems and networks operate independently from Primerica’s systems. If e-TeleQuote is subject to cyber-attacks or security breaches or is otherwise unable to safeguard the security and privacy of confidential data e-TeleQuote’s business may be harmed, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Financial Risks Affecting Our Business

•

Credit deterioration in, and the effects of interest rate fluctuations on our invested asset portfolio and other assets that are subject to changes in credit quality and interest rates could materially adversely affect our business.

•

Valuation of our investments and the determination of expected credit losses when the fair value of our available-for-sale invested assets is below amortized cost are both based on estimates that may prove to be incorrect, which could adversely affect our
financial condition.

•

Changes in accounting standards can be difficult to predict and could adversely impact how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations.

•

The inability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or make distributions or other payments to us in sufficient amounts would impede our ability to meet our obligations and return capital to our stockholders.

Risks Related to Legislative and Regulatory Changes

•

We are subject to various federal, state and provincial laws and regulations in the U.S. and Canada, changes in which may require
us to alter our business practices and could materially adversely affect our business.

•

The current legislative and regulatory climate with regard to financial services could adversely affect our business.

•

Medicare Advantage is a product legislated and regulated by the U.S. government. If the enabling legislation and regulation or
implementing guidance issued by CMS changes, e-TeleQuote’s business may be harmed, which could have a material adverse
effect on our business.

•

The current regulatory climate with regard to climate change may adversely affect our business.

General Risk Factors

•

Litigation and regulatory investigations and actions may result in financial losses and harm our reputation.

•

A significant change in the competitive environment in which we operate could negatively affect our ability to maintain or
increase our market share and profitability.

•

Our continued success requires a high-performing and stable team of employees across all levels, and the loss of key employees
could negatively affect our financial results and impair our ability to implement our business strategy.

•

We regularly undertake business initiatives to enhance our technology, products, and services. The efficiency and success of these
initiatives may vary significantly and may cause unanticipated costs, errors, or disruptions which could have a material adverse
effect on our business.

•

We may be materially adversely affected by currency fluctuations.

•

Any acquisition of or investment in businesses that we may undertake that does not perform as we expect or that is difficult for us
to integrate could materially adversely impact our business.

•

The market price of our common stock may fluctuate.

Developments in any of these areas could cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated or projected or cause a significant reduction in the market price of our common stock.

The foregoing list of risks and uncertainties may not contain all of the risks and uncertainties that could affect us. In addition, in light of these risks and uncertainties, the matters referred to in the forward-looking statements contained in this report may not in fact occur. Accordingly, undue reliance should not be placed on these statements. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as otherwise required by law.

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.

There have been no material changes in our exposures to market risk since December 31, 2023. For details on the Company’s interest rate, foreign currency exchange, and credit risks, see “Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Information About Market Risks” in our 2023 Annual Report.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company’s management, with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of the end of the period covered by this report (the “Evaluation Date”). Based on such evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of the Evaluation Date, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There have not been any changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended March 31, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

We are involved from time to time in legal disputes, regulatory inquiries and arbitration proceedings in the normal course of business. Additional information regarding certain legal proceedings to which we are a party is described under “Contingent Liabilities” in Note 13 (Commitments and Contingent Liabilities) to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report, and such information is incorporated herein by reference. As of the date of this report, we do not believe any pending legal proceeding to which Primerica or any of its subsidiaries is a party is required to be disclosed pursuant to this item.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.

The Risk Factors contained in our 2023 Annual Report are incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS.

During the quarter ended March 31, 2024, we repurchased shares of our common stock as follows:


Period	Total number of shares purchased (1)		Average price paid per share (1)		Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs (2)		Approximate dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs (2)
January 1 - 31, 2024		175,404	$	217.62		174,646	$	387,002,949
February 1 - 29, 2024		146,637		239.29		146,136		352,031,236
March 1 - 31, 2024		174,381		248.26		145,156		315,907,472
Total		496,422	$	234.79		465,938	$	315,907,472

(1)

Consists of repurchases of (a) 30,484 shares of common stock at an average price of $244.71 arising from share-based compensation tax withholdings and (b) open market repurchases of shares of common stock under the share repurchase program approved by our Board of Directors.

(2)

On November 16, 2023, our Board of Directors authorized, and the Company announced, a share repurchase program for purchases of up to $425.0 million of our outstanding common stock from November 16, 2023 through December 31, 2024.

For information regarding year-to-date share repurchases, refer to Note 10 (Stockholders’ Equity) to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION.

Trading Plans

During the quarter ended March 31, 2024, none of our directors or executive officers adopted or terminated any "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or any "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," as those terms are defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K, except for the following:

•

On March 14, 2024, Glenn Williams, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, adopted a trading arrangement that provides for the sale of an aggregate of up to 12,000 shares of the Company’s common stock between June 13, 2024 and February 23, 2025.

ITEM 6. EXHIBITS.

The agreements included as exhibits to this report are included to provide you with information regarding the terms of these agreements and are not intended to provide any other factual or disclosure information about the Company or its subsidiaries, our business or the other parties to these agreements. These agreements may contain representations and warranties by each of the parties to the applicable agreement. These representations and warranties have been made solely for the benefit of the other parties to the applicable agreement and:

•

should not in all instances be treated as categorical statements of fact, but rather as a way of allocating the risk to one of the parties if those statements prove to be inaccurate;

•

have been qualified by disclosures that were made to the other party in connection with the negotiation of the applicable agreement, which disclosures are not necessarily reflected in the agreement;

•

may apply standards of materiality in a way that is different from what may be viewed as material to our investors; and

•

were made only as of the date of the applicable agreement or such other date or dates as may be specified in the agreement and are subject to more recent developments.

Accordingly, these representations and warranties may not describe the actual state of affairs as of the date they were made or at any other time, and should not be relied upon by investors.


Exhibit Number	Description	Reference
31.1	Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification, executed by Glenn J. Williams, Chief Executive Officer.	Filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission as part of this Quarterly Report.
31.1
31.2	Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification, executed by Tracy X. Tan, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer.	Filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission as part of this Quarterly Report.
31.2
32.1	Certifications required by Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code (18 U.S.C. 1350), executed by Glenn J. Williams, Chief Executive Officer, and Tracy X. Tan, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer.	Filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission as part of this Quarterly Report.
32.1
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document.	The instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema With Embedded Linkbase Documents.
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL with applicable taxonomy extension information contained in Exhibits 101).

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


	Primerica, Inc.

May 7, 2024	/s/ Tracy X. Tan
	Tracy X. Tan
	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)